Lasting effects of early exposure to temperature on the gonadal transcriptome at the time of sex differentiation in the European sea bass, a fish with mixed genetic and environmental sex determination.
Lasting effects of early exposure to temperature on the gonadal transcriptome at the time of sex differentiation in the European sea bass, a fish with mixed genetic and environmental sex determination.
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DOI：
10.1186/s12864-015-1862-0
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发表时间：
2015-09-04
期刊：
影响因子：
4.4
通讯作者：
Piferrer F
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Díaz N;Piferrer F
鱼类的性别是可塑的，有几种鱼类的性别还会受到环境因素的影响。在敏感物种中，温度升高会产生雄性化效应。以往关于温度对基因表达影响的研究仅限于少数同源基因，大多与睾丸或卵巢发育有关，并在性腺完成性别分化过程后进行分析。然而，关于温度在鱼类整个性腺转录组水平上的影响的研究很少，此外，在转录组水平上，性别分化时的温度效应也是未知的。在这里，我们使用了欧洲海鲈鱼，一种具有受温度影响的多基因性别决定系统的gonochistic硬骨鱼，并将幼虫暴露在性腺形成早期的高温中。性腺转录组学分析在温度暴露结束后大约三个月进行，在性别分化过程开始后不久。与未经处理的对照组相比，升高的温度使雄性的数量增加了一倍。对早期分化雌性性腺的转录组学分析显示，高温是如何引起的：1)胆固醇转运（star）、应激反应（nr3c1）和睾丸分化（amh、dmrt等）相关基因的上调，2)卵巢分化相关基因cyp19a1a的表达降低，3)一些表观遗传调控机制相关基因（hdac11、dicer1、ehmt2、jarid2a、pcgf2、suz12、mett22）的表达增加。综上所述，这项研究的结果有助于理解早期环境如何产生永久性的变化，从而导致长期的后果，在这种情况下是性表型。结果还表明，比较高温对与性别分化有关的同源基因的行为的影响，以及通过表观遗传机制建立和维持细胞身份的基因的行为的影响是有用的。本文的在线版本（doi:10.1186/s12864-015-1862-0）包含补充材料，可供授权用户使用。
Sex in fish is plastic and in several species can be influenced by environmental factors. In sensitive species, elevated temperatures have a masculinizing effect. Previous studies on the effects of temperature on gene expression have been restricted to a few cognate genes, mostly related to testis or ovarian development, and analyzed in gonads once they had completed the process of sex differentiation. However, studies on the effect of temperature at the whole gonadal transcriptomic level are scarce in fish and, in addition, temperature effects at the time of sex differentiation at the transcriptomic level are also unknown. Here, we used the European sea bass, a gonochoristic teleost with a polygenic sex determination system influenced by temperature, and exposed larvae to elevated temperature during the period of early gonad formation. Transcriptomic analysis of the gonads was carried out about three months after the end of temperature exposure, shortly after the beginning of the process of sex differentiation. Elevated temperature doubled the number of males with respect to untreated controls. Transcriptomic analysis of early differentiating female gonads showed how heat caused: 1) an up-regulation of genes related to cholesterol transport (star), the stress response (nr3c1) and testis differentiation (amh, dmrt, etc.), 2) a decrease in the expression of genes related to ovarian differentiation such as cyp19a1a, and 3) an increase in the expression of several genes related to epigenetic regulatory mechanisms (hdac11, dicer1, ehmt2, jarid2a, pcgf2, suz12, mettl22). Taken together, the results of this study contribute to the understanding of how the early environment sets permanent changes that result in long-lasting consequences, in this case in the sexual phenotype. Results also show the usefulness of comparing the effects of heat on the behavior of cognate genes related to sex differentiation as well as that of genes involved in establishing and maintaining cell identity through epigenetic mechanisms. The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-015-1862-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.