Annual summary of vital statistics - 2002
Annual summary of vital statistics - 2002
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DOI：
10.1542/peds.112.6.1215
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发表时间：
2003-12-01
期刊：
影响因子：
8
通讯作者：
Guyer, B
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Arias, E;MacDorman, MF;Guyer, B
2002年的粗出生率为每千人13.9人，是美国有史以来最低的出生率。从2001年到2002年，出生人数、粗出生率和生育率（64.8）都略有下降（1%或更少）。西班牙裔妇女的生育率最高（94.0），其次是黑人（65.4）、亚洲或太平洋岛民（63.9）、美洲原住民（58.0）和非西班牙裔白人妇女（57.5）。从2001年到2002年，所有种族/族裔群体的生育率都略有下降。青少年母亲的出生率继续下降，从2001年到2002年下降了5%，为每1000名15至19岁妇女生育42.9个孩子，再创历史新低。自1991年以来，青少年生育率下降了31%；15至17岁的青少年（40%）比18至19岁的青少年（23%）下降得更快。未婚妇女生育的比例大致保持不变，为三分之一。孕期吸烟持续下降；青少年母亲的吸烟率最高。2002年，26.1%的新生儿通过剖宫产分娩，比2001年增加了7%，比1996年增加了26%。自1996年以来，首次剖宫产率上升了23%，而前一次剖宫产后顺产率下降了55%。2002年，及时产前护理的使用率略有上升，达到83.8%。从1990年到2002年，使用及时产前护理的非西班牙裔白人妇女增加了6%（至88.7%），黑人妇女增加了24%（至75.2%），西班牙裔妇女增加了28%（至76.8%），从而缩小了种族差异。早产比例由1990年的10.6%和1981年的9.4%上升至2002年的12.0%。增幅最大的是非西班牙裔白人女性。低出生体重儿的百分比亦由1984年的6.7%上升至2002年的7.8%。从2000年到2001年，双胞胎和三胞胎以上的出生率都增加了3%。二零零一年，多胞胎占所有新生儿的3.2%。2002年，婴儿死亡率为每千名活产6.9例（临时数据），而2001年为每千名活产6.8例（最终数据）。2001年，黑人婴儿的死亡率与白人婴儿的死亡率之比为2.5，与2000年相同。婴儿死亡率的种族差异仍然是一个主要的公共卫生问题。低体重在婴儿死亡率中的作用仍然是一个主要问题。新罕布什尔州、犹他州和马萨诸塞州的imr最低。各州的人口死亡率差异反映了种族构成、低体重百分比和各州特定出生体重的新生儿死亡率。在婴儿死亡率的国际比较中，美国的排名仍然很低。2001年，所有性别和种族群体的出生时预期寿命达到创纪录的77.2岁。美国的死亡率持续下降。2000年至2001年期间，心脏病、恶性肿瘤和脑血管疾病这三种主要死因的死亡率有所下降。2001年，1至19岁儿童的意外伤害死亡率下降了3.3%；2001年，慢性下呼吸道疾病的死亡率下降了25%。1至19岁儿童的癌症和自杀水平没有变化。很大一部分儿童死亡仍然是由于可预防的伤害造成的。
The crude birth rate in 2002 was 13.9 births per 1000 population, the lowest ever reported for the United States. The number of births, the crude birth rate, and the fertility rate (64.8) all declined slightly ( by 1% or less) from 2001 to 2002. Fertility rates were highest for Hispanic women (94.0), followed by black (65.4), Asian or Pacific Islander (63.9), Native American (58.0), and non-Hispanic white women (57.5). Fertility rates declined slightly for all race/ethnic groups from 2001 to 2002.The birth rate for teen mothers continued to fall, dropping 5% from 2001 to 2002 to 42.9 births per 1000 women aged 15 to 19 years, another record low. The teen birth rate has fallen 31% since 1991; declines were more rapid for younger teens aged 15 to 17 (40%) than for older teens aged 18 to 19 (23%). The proportion of all births to unmarried women remained approximately the same at one third. Smoking during pregnancy continued to decline; smoking rates were highest among teen mothers.In 2002, 26.1% of births were delivered by cesarean section, up 7% since 2001 and 26% since 1996. The primary cesarean rate has risen 23% since 1996, whereas the rate of vaginal birth after a previous cesarean delivery has fallen 55%. The use of timely prenatal care increased slightly to 83.8% in 2002. From 1990 to 2002, the use of timely prenatal care increased by 6% ( to 88.7%) for non-Hispanic white women, by 24% ( to 75.2%) for black women, and by 28% ( to 76.8%) for Hispanic women, thus narrowing racial disparities.The percentage of preterm births rose to 12.0% in 2002, from 10.6% in 1990 and 9.4% in 1981. Increases were largest for non-Hispanic white women. The percentage of low birth weight ( LBW) births also increased to 7.8% in 2002, up from 6.7% in 1984. Twin and triplet/+ birth rates both increased by 3% from 2000 to 2001. Multiple births accounted for 3.2% of all births in 2001.The infant mortality rate (IMR) was 6.9 per 1000 live births ( provisional data) in 2002 compared with 6.8 in 2001 ( final data). The ratio of the IMR among black infants to that for white infants was 2.5 in 2001, the same as in 2000. Racial differences in infant mortality remain a major public health concern. The role of LBW in infant mortality remains a major issue. New Hampshire, Utah, and Massachusetts had the lowest IMRs. State-by-state differences in IMR reflect racial composition, the percentage of LBW, and birth weight - specific neonatal mortality rates for each state. The United States continues to rank poorly in international comparisons of infant mortality.Expectation of life at birth reached a record high of 77.2 years for all sex and race groups combined in 2001. Death rates in the United States continue to decline. Between 2000 and 2001, death rates declined for the 3 leading causes of death: diseases of the heart, malignant neoplasms, and cerebrovascular diseases. Death rates for children ages 1 to 19 years decreased for unintentional injuries by 3.3% in 2001; the death rate for chronic lower respiratory diseases decreased by 25% in 2001. Cancer and suicide levels did not change for children ages 1 to 19. A large proportion of childhood deaths continue to occur as a result of preventable injuries.