WHAT MINDS HAVE IN COMMON IS SPACE - SPATIAL MECHANISMS SERVING JOINT VISUAL-ATTENTION IN INFANCY
WHAT MINDS HAVE IN COMMON IS SPACE - SPATIAL MECHANISMS SERVING JOINT VISUAL-ATTENTION IN INFANCY
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DOI：
10.1111/j.2044-835x.1991.tb00862.x
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发表时间：
1991-03-01
影响因子：
2.3
通讯作者：
JARRETT, N
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
BUTTERWORTH, G;JARRETT, N
一系列的实验报告表明，在生命的前18个月里，三种连续的机制参与了“看别人在看的地方”。最早的“生态”机制使婴儿能够在婴儿的视野内检测成人的视觉注视方向，但仅凭母亲的信号无法精确定位目标。对同一物理对象的共同注意力也取决于环境中对象的内在注意力捕获属性。大约12个月后，我们有证据表明存在一种新的“几何”机制。婴儿从母亲的头部和眼睛的方向推断出母亲的视线在婴儿自己的视觉空间的相对精确的区域内的交叉点。第三种“表征”机制出现在12 ~ 18个月之间，婴儿的共同参照延伸到了视野之外的地方。这些机制都不需要婴儿有一个理论，即其他人有思想;相反，不同观察者的感知系统在遇到世界上相同的物体和事件时“相遇”。人际知识的这种“现实主义”基础可能为自我知识的发展提供了另一个起点，而不是认为心理事件只能通过理论的构建来认识的观点。
A series of experiments is reported which show that three successive mechanisms are involved in the first 18 months of life in ‘looking where someone else is looking’. The earliest ‘ecological’ mechanism enables the infant to detect the direction of the adult's visual gaze within the baby's visual field but the mother's signal alone does not allow the precise localization of the target. Joint attention to the same physical object also depends on the intrinsic, attention‐capturing properties of the object in the environment. By about 12 months, we have evidence for presence of a new ‘geometric’ mechanism. The infant extrapolates from the orientation of the mother's head and eyes, the intersection of the mother's line of sight within a relatively precise zone of the infant's own visual space. A third ‘representational’ mechanism emerges between 12 and 18 months, with an extension of joint reference to places outside the infant's visual field.None of these mechanisms require the infant to have a theory that others have minds; rather the perceptual systems of different observers ‘meet’ in encountering the same objects and events in the world. Such a ‘realist’ basis for interpersonal knowledge may offer an alternative starting point for development of intrapersonal knowledge, rather than the view that mental events can only be known by construction of a theory.