Simulation of climate response to aerosol direct and indirect effects with aerosol transport-radiation model
Simulation of climate response to aerosol direct and indirect effects with aerosol transport-radiation model
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DOI：
10.1029/2004jd005029
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发表时间：
2005-01-22
影响因子：
4.4
通讯作者：
Nakajima, T
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Takemura, T;Nozawa, T;Nakajima, T
[1] 将全球气溶胶输送-辐射模型与大气环流模型耦合，模拟气溶胶的直接和间接影响引起的云、降水和温度等气象参数的变化，并计算其辐射强迫。模型中引入了基于科勒理论的云滴数浓度微物理参数化诊断方法，该参数不仅取决于气溶胶颗粒数浓度，还取决于上升气流速度、粒径分布、各气溶胶种类的化学性质以及水蒸气的饱和状况。模拟的云滴有效半径、云辐射强迫和降水率等与气溶胶间接效应相关的参数与卫星观测结果吻合较好。模型结果表明，人为气溶胶造成的云滴有效半径的减小在全球范围内发生，而云水和降水的变化受到气溶胶直接和第一间接效应而非第二间接效应本身随温度变化的动力水文循环变化的强烈影响。但在人为气溶胶和云水大量存在的地区，云水会增加，降水会同时减少，这是第二个间接效应的强烈信号。人为气溶胶对对流层顶的直接和间接影响的全球平均辐射强迫分别计算为-0.1和-0.9 W m(-2)。据建议，全球平均水平上，气溶胶颗粒大约可减少人为温室气体导致的地表气温升高的 40%。
[ 1] With a global aerosol transport-radiation model coupled to a general circulation model, changes in the meteorological parameters of clouds, precipitation, and temperature caused by the direct and indirect effects of aerosols are simulated, and its radiative forcing are calculated. A microphysical parameterization diagnosing the cloud droplet number concentration based on the Kohler theory is introduced into the model, which depends not only on the aerosol particle number concentration but also on the updraft velocity, size distributions, and chemical properties of each aerosol species and saturation condition of the water vapor. The simulated cloud droplet effective radius, cloud radiative forcing, and precipitation rate, which relate to the aerosol indirect effect, are in reasonable agreement with satellite observations. The model results indicate that a decrease in the cloud droplet effective radius by anthropogenic aerosols occurs globally, while changes in the cloud water and precipitation are strongly affected by a variation of the dynamical hydrological cycle with a temperature change by the aerosol direct and first indirect effects rather than the second indirect effect itself. However, the cloud water can increase and the precipitation can simultaneously decrease in regions where a large amount of anthropogenic aerosols and cloud water exist, which is a strong signal of the second indirect effect. The global mean radiative forcings of the direct and indirect effects at the tropopause by anthropogenic aerosols are calculated to be -0.1 and -0.9 W m(-2), respectively. It is suggested that aerosol particles approximately reduce 40% of the increase in the surface air temperature by anthropogenic greenhouse gases on the global mean.