Public Health and the Red Cross Humanitarianism in the Colonial Philippines
Public Health and the Red Cross Humanitarianism in the Colonial Philippines
复制标题
菲律宾殖民地的公共卫生与红十字人道主义
DOI：
10.11380/americanreview.56.0_69
复制
发表时间：
2022
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
牧田義也
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Arii;K. & Kojima;N.;牧田義也
本文通过对美国红十字会在菲律宾群岛的公共卫生项目的分析，探讨了人道主义在亚太地区的殖民政治。第一次世界大战后，美国红十字会菲律宾分会发起了大规模的运动，以改善群岛的健康和卫生条件。在整个20世纪20年代，该分会一直致力于在整个殖民地领土上提供公共卫生方面的人道主义援助。该分会拥有超过100万名原住民成员，发展成为亚太地区最大的人道主义组织，仅次于日本红十字会。然而，在红十字会组织惊人发展的背后，是殖民地社会中具有不同政治和经济利益的各种团体之间相互冲突的关系。殖民者与被殖民者之间以及城市精英与农村穷人之间的胁迫、抵抗和竞争是殖民环境中人道主义援助的特点。该分会的美国官员声称，他们的公共卫生活动是一项提高亚洲岛屿健康和卫生标准的文明使命。然而，其工作人员和组织的菲律宾化迅速发展，使这些美国人实际上难以实施强制措施，违背土著人民的意愿干预公共卫生问题。菲律宾的政治精英试图将红十字会的事业用于独立运动，而农村的穷人则利用，有时甚至抵制公共卫生项目来达到自己的目的。在殖民统治和国家建设的交叉点上，红十字会的公共卫生项目成为殖民地不同社会群体之间的交流场所。本文通过对殖民统治、国家建设和公共卫生三者之间的紧密纠缠，从跨国视角阐释了红十字人道主义在殖民社会中的思想政治。
This essay examines the colonial politics of humanitarianism in the Asia Pacific through an analysis of the public health programs of the American Red Cross in the Philippine Islands. In the aftermath of World War I, the Philippines Chapter of the American Red Cross launched massive campaigns for the improvement of health and hygiene conditions in the archipelago. Throughout the 1920s, the Chapter endeavored to extend its humanitarian assistance in public health all over the colonial territory. With its more than a million indigenous members, the Chapter grew up to be the largest humanitarian organization in the Asia Pacific, second only to the Japanese Red Cross. Yet, behind the spectacular development of the Red Cross organization lay conflicting relationships among various groups with different political and economic interests in colonial society. Coercion, resistance, and rivalry between colonizers and the colonized as well as between urban elites and the rural poor characterized the humanitarian assistance in the colonial settings. American officials of the Chapter claimed their public health activities as a civilizing mission to uplift the standards of health and hygiene in the Asian islands. The rapid progress of Filipinization in its staff and organization, however, made it practically difficult for these Americans to implement coercive measures to intervene into public health problems against the will of native people. Whereas Filipino political elites attempted to appropriate the Red Cross enterprises for the independence movement, the rural poor used, and sometimes resisted, the public health programs for their own ends. At the intersection of colonial rule and nation building, the Red Cross projects of public health became the site of contestation among different social groups in the colonial territory. By focusing on the close entanglement of colonial rule, nation building, and public health, this essay illuminates the ideological politics of the Red Cross humanitarianism in colonial society from transnational perspectives.