Power, Dominance, and Constraint: A Note on the Appeal of Different Design Traditions
Power, Dominance, and Constraint: A Note on the Appeal of Different Design Traditions
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DOI：
10.1177/2515245917745058
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发表时间：
2018-03-01
影响因子：
13.6
通讯作者：
Haaf, Julia M.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Rouder, Jeffrey N.;Haaf, Julia M.
最近，对权力的广泛关注使心理学实验中使用的参与者数量成为焦点。社会心理学通常遵循一种传统，即许多参与者每人进行少量试验;在心理物理学中，传统是只包括少数参与者，每人进行许多试验;认知心理学的传统福尔斯两者之间，平衡参与者和试验的数量。我们要问，如果希望增加功效，是增加试验还是增加参与者更好。答案很简单，最大的力量是通过使用更多的人来实现的，增加人员的收益大于增加试验的收益。根据这些结果，社会心理学传统中的设计参数似乎是理想的。然而，在某些情况下，一个人可以用人民换取审判，而权力只会有轻微的减少。在这些条件下，限制因素是试验间的变异性，而不是人群中不同人群的变异性。这些条件是非常合理的，我们提出了一个理论论证。我们认为，大多数认知效应都具有随机优势的特征，也就是说，每个人的真实效应都是朝着同一个方向的。例如，在执行Stroop任务时，所有人都比不一致的颜色更快地识别出一致的颜色。当优势保持时，小的平均效应意味着整个群体的变异程度很小。正是这种程度的同质性，支配地位的结果，许可了认知心理学和心理物理学传统的设计参数。
The recent field-wide emphasis on power has brought the number of participants used in psychological experiments into focus. Social psychology typically follows a tradition in which many participants perform a small number of trials each; in psychophysics, the tradition is to include only a few participants, who perform many trials each; and the tradition in cognitive psychology falls in between, balancing the number of participants and trials. We ask whether it is better to add trials or to add participants if one wishes to increase power. The answer is straightforward-greatest power is achieved by using more people, and the gain from adding people is greater than the gain from adding trials. In light of these results, the design parameters in the social psychology tradition seem ideal. Yet there are conditions in which one may trade people for trials with only a minor decrement in power. Under these conditions, the limiting factor is the trial-to-trial variability rather than the variability across people in the population. These conditions are highly plausible, and we present a theoretical argument as to why. We think that most cognitive effects are characterized by stochastic dominance; that is, everyone's true effect is in the same direction. For example, it is plausible that when performing the Stroop task, all people truly identify congruent colors faster than incongruent ones. When dominance holds, small mean effects imply a small degree of variability across the population. It is this degree of homogeneity, the consequence of dominance, that licenses the design parameters of the cognitive psychology and psychophysics traditions.