Criminalising sexuality or preventing child marriage: legal interventions and girls' empowerment.
Criminalising sexuality or preventing child marriage: legal interventions and girls' empowerment.
复制标题
将性行为定为刑事犯罪或防止童婚：法律干预和女童赋权。
DOI：
10.1016/s2352-4642(18)30370-5
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发表时间：
2019
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
McGovern,Terry
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Santelli,JohnS;Spindler,Esther;Moore,Erin;McGovern,Terry
童婚定义为未满18岁，未达到法律的成年年龄就结婚，这引起了严重的人权和公共卫生问题。18岁之前结婚的女孩面临更大的不利后果风险，包括儿童和孕产妇死亡率、亲密伴侣暴力和教育中断。1尽管童婚在全球范围内有所下降，但五分之一的妇女在18岁之前结婚;在童婚流行率最高的撒哈拉以南非洲，八分之一的女孩在15岁之前结婚。2贫穷既是童婚的原因，也是童婚的后果。结构性贫困和缺乏生活机会，再加上对男孩和女孩的不公平性别规范，推动了早婚的做法。3童婚往往是强迫的，而且是年轻女孩与年长男子之间的童婚，反映出家庭的极度贫困。家庭对年长男性追求者的偏好反映了围绕保护和控制女孩的性别规范价值观，以及对男性提供者的父权期望。4在死亡率和发病率高的国家，早婚和早育对家庭和社区具有很大的生存价值。然而，在死亡率和生育率较低、教育是青年人进步的关键的国家，童婚与人生成功是不相容的。在一个快速发展的世界里，童婚扼杀了人们对幸福的生活渴望--受教育、外出工作和摆脱贫困。因此，根据《世界人权宣言》（1948年）、《儿童权利公约》（1989年）以及其他国际和区域宪章，童婚被国际公认为侵犯人权的行为。童婚可能侵犯年轻人自由选择配偶和充分了解这一选择的权利。同样，18岁以下的青少年一般缺乏作出人生决定的法律的能力。允许父母或社区成员做出这些决定，忽视了青少年做出这些重要决定的能力不断发展。5
Child marriage—defined as marriage before age 18 years and legal age of majority—raises serious human-rights and public-health concerns. Girls who marry before age 18 years are at increased risk for adverse outcomes, including child and maternal mortality, intimate partner violence, and truncated education. 1 Despite global declines in child marriage, one in five women is married before the age of 18 years; and in sub-Saharan Africa, where the prevalence of child marriage is highest, one in eight girls is married before reaching age 15 years. 2 Poverty is both a cause and a consequence of child marriage. Structural poverty and lack of life opportunity—coupled with inequitable gender norms for boys and girls—drive the practice of early marriage. 3 Child marriage is often forced and between young girls and older men, reflecting the grinding poverty of families. Family preference for older male suitors reflects gender normative values around the protection and control of girls, and patriarchal expectations of male providers. 4 In countries with high mortality and high morbidity, early marriage and childbearing can have strong survival value for families and communities. Yet, child marriage is not compatible with life success in countries where mortality and fertility are low and education is the key to young people’s advancement. In a rapidly developing world, child marriage truncates life aspirations for adolescents—to education, to work outside the home, and to escaping poverty. As such, child marriage is internationally recognised as a human rights violation under the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948), Convention on Rights of the Child (1989), and other international and regional charters. Child marriage can violate a young person’s right to freely choose a spouse and have full information about that choice. Likewise, adolescents younger than 18 years generally lack the legal capacity to make life decisions. Allowing parents or community members to make these decisions ignores the evolving capacity of adolescents to make these important decisions. 5