Elemental sulfur in the gills of three species of clams containing chemoautotrophic symbiotic bacteria: a possible inorganic energy storage compound
Elemental sulfur in the gills of three species of clams containing chemoautotrophic symbiotic bacteria: a possible inorganic energy storage compound
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含有化能自养共生细菌的三种蛤的鳃中的元素硫：一种可能的无机储能化合物
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发表时间：
1985
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通讯作者：
R. Vetter
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作者：
R. Vetter
对生活在富硫化物环境中的环纹光泽蛤（Lucinoma annulata）、长形盖蛤（Calyptogena elongata）和佛罗里达光泽蛤（Lucina floridana）的鳃部共生硫细菌的组织中硫含量和精细结构进行了研究。Lucinoma annulata和C. elongata是从加州的圣巴巴拉盆地挖来的，深度为480至490米，而Lucina floridana是从佛罗里达的圣约瑟夫湾的海草根部下方挖来的，深度为0.25至2米。无共生体的环纹萤叶甲足组织的总硫含量为1.4±0.1（SD）mg/100 mg-1组织干重（%DW）。不同个体的含共生体的鳃组织。红鳃的全硫含量为2.5± 0.4%DW，最黄鳃的全硫含量为5.6± 3.3%DW。维护L。annulata在实验室中在不存在硫化物的情况下21天导致黄色沉积物从鳃中损失，所述黄色沉积物是液晶硫球形式的元素硫，而不是固体正交硫晶体。足部组织不含元素硫。当用冷冻蚀刻显微镜检查时，只在细菌内发现硫球，而不在动物宿主细胞质中。硫球局限于细菌的周质空间。C.在形态和硫元素分布上，长叶绿球藻和佛罗里达绿球藻与环纹绿球藻相似。在动物细胞质中不存在元素硫，这表明其从硫化物形成不是保护动物组织免受硫化物毒性的解毒方案。硫沉积物可能代表无机能量储备，即使在暂时没有外部硫化物的情况下，也允许共生细菌发挥作用。
Sulfur content and fine structure were studied for tissues of three species of clams, Lucinoma annulata, Calyptogena elongata and Lucina floridana, which inhabit sulfide-rich environments and whose gills harbor symbiotic sulfur bacteria. Lucinoma annulata and C. elongata were dredged from the Santa Barbara basin, California, USA, at a depth of 480 to 490 m, and Lucina floridana were dug from below the roots of seagrasses in Saint Joseph Bay, Florida, at a depth of 0.25 to 2m. Foot tissue of Lucinoma annulata, without symbionts, had a total sulfur content of 1.4±0.1 (SD) mg 100 mg-1 dry weight of tissue (%DW). The symbiont-containing gill tissue of different individuals of L. annulata varied in color from dark red to pale yellow, and the total sulfur content was 2.5±0.4% DW in red gills and was 5.6±3.3 % DW in the yellowest gills. Maintenance of L. annulata in the laboratory for 21 d in the absence of sulfide resulted in the loss from the gill of yellow deposits which were elemental sulfur in the form of liquid-crystalline sulfur globules rather than solid orthorhombic sulfur crystals. The foot tissue did not contain elemental sulfur. When examined by freeze-etch microscopy, sulfur globules were found only within bacteria and not in the animal host cytoplasm. Sulfur globules were confined to the periplasmic space of the bacteria. C. elongata and Lucina floridana resembled Lucinoma annulata in the physical form and distribution of elemental sulfur. The absence of elemental sulfur in the animal cytoplasm suggests that its formation from sulfide is not a detoxification scheme to protect animal tissue from sulfide toxicity. The sulfur deposits probably represent inorganic energy reserves that permit the symbiotic bacteria to function even during the temporary absence of external sulfide.