CAT STEP CYCLE - HIND LIMB JOINT ANGLES AND MUSCLE LENGTHS DURING UNRESTRAINED LOCOMOTION
CAT STEP CYCLE - HIND LIMB JOINT ANGLES AND MUSCLE LENGTHS DURING UNRESTRAINED LOCOMOTION
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DOI：
10.1002/jmor.1051410102
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发表时间：
1973-01-01
影响因子：
1.5
通讯作者：
STUART, DG
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
GOSLOW, GE;REINKING, RM;STUART, DG
对自由行走、小跑、飞奔的电影分析，对11只成年猫进行跳跃和着陆运动，以提供以前无法获得的关于对神经系统的要求的信息，以控制低速和高速运动，以及这种自然运动对肌肉性能和本体感受反应的要求。（F和E1）和站立（E2和E3）阶段的步骤周期的一个单独的肢体，单帧分析的电影允许测量的瞬时角度的下脊柱，髋关节，膝关节，踝关节和跖趾关节。还对50只新派遣的猫和25具尸体进行了适当的杠杆臂测量，使得余弦定律可用于计算适用于小型（1.5-2.5 Kg）、中型（2.6-3.5 Kg）和大型（3.6-4.5 Kg）成年猫自然运动的选定后肢肌肉的瞬时长度。肌肉位移进行了分析，相对于最大和最小situlabin和长度与安静的立场。还利用了先前在无限制运动期间对后肢肌肉的肌电图分析（Engberg和Lundberg，'69）。当向前速度从步行（< 2 mph）增加到高速疾驰（> 16 mph）时，保持了步进循环的四个阶段之间的顺序关系。然而，每个阶段所消耗的时间存在显著差异，其中E3阶段减少较多，E2和E1阶段减少很少，F阶段几乎没有减少。当每个阶段被表示为总步骤周期的持续时间的相对百分比时，最大的减少再次出现在E3中，而E2阶段几乎没有变化。相反，F和E1相在每个周期中出现的时间百分比增加，其中F相的增加最大。对于所有的速度，后肢的各个部分的运动之间的相位关系的分析揭示了一个显着的统一的膝关节和踝关节运动。在E1和E2期间，髋关节与膝关节和踝关节基本上是异相的，在F和E3中，所有三个关节都是同相的。手指基本上与其他关节不同步，除了在奔马的站立阶段。在自然运动过程中，肌肉位移的速率和程度大于以绝对mm和mm/sec表示时的预期，但不考虑最大和最小situlength和与安静站立相关的长度（Ls）。在迈步过程中，向前速度的逐渐增加导致：（a）在Ls和最大姿势长度之间的肌肉的使用量增加：（B）对于膝和踝伸肌，与迈步的E2（屈服）阶段相关的延长收缩显著增加;以及（c）对于屈肌和伸肌，紧接在主动缩短期之前的延长或接近等长收缩的增加的主动期。与非活动肌状态的这些变化相比，从步行到奔马的变化对被动肌位移的范围和速率，特别是伸肌的F相拉伸的影响很小。对于比目鱼肌，计算了自然运动过程中肌肉总长度的变化与平均肌纤维长度和附着腱长度的关系。这些测量结果表明，被动缩短时纤维长度的增加和主动缩短时长度的减少小于从对拔除纤维的广泛文献中所预期的。相比之下……
A cinematographic analysis of the unrestrained walking, trotting, galloping, jumping and landing movements of 11 adult cats was undertaken to provide previously unavailable information concerning the demands imposed on the nervous system for the control of low and high speed movements and the demands imposed by such natural movements on muscle performance and proprioceptive response.With due regard for the swing (F and E1) and stance (E2and E3) phases of the step cycle of an individual limb, single frame analysis of the film permitted measurement of instantaneous angles of the lower spine, hip, knee, ankle and metatarsophalangeal joints. Appropriate lever arm measurements were also made on 50 freshly dispatched cats and 25 cadavers such that the Law of Cosines could be used to calculate instantaneous lengths of select hind limb muscles that would apply to the natural movements of adult cats of small (1.5–2.5 Kg), intermediate (2.6–3.5 Kg) and large (3.6–4.5 Kg) size. Muscle displacements were analyzed relative to maximum and minimusin situlengths and the lengths associated with quiet standing. Use was also made of a previous electromyographic analysis of hind limb muscles during unrestrained locomotion (Engberg and Lundberg, '69).The sequential relations between the four phases of the step cycle are maintained as forward speed increases from walking ( < 2 mph) to high speed galloping ( > 16 mph). There are significant differences in the time consumed by each phase, however, with a greater reduction in the E3phase, little reduction in the E2and E1phases and virtually no reduction in the F phase. When each phase is expressed as a relative percentage of the duration of the total step cycle, the greatest reduction is again in E3with little change in the E2phase. In contrast F and E1phases increase in the percent of time they occur in each cycle, with the greatest increase in the F phase. For all speeds, analysis of the phase relations between movements of various sections of the hind limb revealed a remarkable unity of knee and ankle joint movement. The hip joint is largely out of phase with the knee and ankle during E1and E2, all three joints being in phase in F and E3. The digits are essentially out of phase with the other joints except in the stance phase of the gallop.Rates and extents of muscle displacement during natural movements are greater than might be anticipated when expressed in absolute mm's and mm/sec but not when considered in relation to maximum and minimumin situlength and the length associated with quiet standing (Ls). During stepping a progressive increase in forward speed results in: (a) a greater usage of muscles at lengths between Ls and maximumin situlength; (b) for knee and ankle extensors, pronounced increase in the lengthening contraction associated with the E2(yield) phase of step; and, (c) for both flexor and extensor muscles, an increased active phase of lengthening or near isometric contraction immediately prior to periods of active shortening. In contrast to these changes inactivemuscle status, the change from walking to galloping has little effect on the extent and rate ofpassivemuscle displacements, particularly the F phase stretch of extensors.For the soleus muscle, calculations were made of the relation between changes in overall muscle length during natural movements and the length of the average muscle fiber and the tendon of insertion. These measurements revealed that the increases in fiber length when passive and decreases in length during active shortening are less than would be anticipated from the extensive liteature on extirpated fibers. In contrast …