Reciprocal relations in irreversible processes. II.
Reciprocal relations in irreversible processes. II.
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DOI：
10.1103/physrev.38.2265
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发表时间：
1931-12-01
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Onsager, L
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Onsager, L
一个一般的相互关系，适用于运输过程，如热传导和电，扩散，来自微观可逆性的假设。在推导中，考虑了某些波动的平均乘积。由于熵和概率之间的一般关系S= k log W，不同的（耦合）不可逆过程必须根据熵的变化进行比较。如果偏离热力学平衡的位移由一组变量α 1，α n描述，并且速率α 1，α n，α n与”力”δ S d α 1，δ s，δ S d α n之间的关系是线性的，则存在一个二次耗散函数2 Φ（α今，α今）ρ j α今ij α i= dS dt= S今（α，α今）（S d α j）α今j（用表示定义）。微观可逆性所要求的对称性条件等价于变分原理S <$（α，α <$）− Φ（α <$，α <$）=极大值，它确定了α <$1，<$，α <$n，对于给定的α 1，<$，α n。耗散函数具有与熵相似的统计意义。外部磁场，也科里奥利力，破坏对称性的过去和未来的相互关系，涉及反转的领域制定。
A general reciprocal relation, applicable to transport processes such as the conduction of heat and electricity, and diffusion, is derived from the assumption of microscopic reversibility. In the derivation, certain average products of fluctuations are considered. As a consequence of the general relation S= k log W between entropy and probability, different (coupled) irreversible processes must be compared in terms of entropy changes. If the displacement from thermodynamic equilibrium is described by a set of variables α 1,⋯, α n, and the relations between the rates α ̇ 1,⋯, α ̇ n and the" forces"∂ S d α 1,⋯,∂ S d α n are linear, there exists a quadratic dissipation-function, 2 Φ (α ̇, α ̇)≡ Σ ρ j α ̇ ij α ̇ i= dS dt= S ̇ (α, α ̇)≡ Σ (∂ S d α j) α ̇ j (denoting definition by≡). The symmetry conditions demanded by microscopic reversibility are equivalent to the variation-principle S ̇ (α, α ̇)− Φ (α ̇, α ̇)= maximum, which determines α ̇ 1,⋯, α ̇ n for prescribed α 1,⋯, α n. The dissipation-function has a statistical significance similar to that of the entropy. External magnetic fields, and also Coriolis forces, destroy the symmetry in past and future; reciprocal relations involving reversal of the field are formulated.