Implanting a Discipline: The Academic Trajectory of Nuclear Engineering in the USA and UK

Implanting a Discipline: The Academic Trajectory of Nuclear Engineering in the USA and UK
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学科植入:美国和英国核工程的学术轨迹

DOI:
10.1007/s11024-009-9114-6
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发表时间:
2009
期刊:
影响因子:
2.3
通讯作者:
Johnston S
Johnston S
中科院分区:
人文科学2区
文献类型:
--
作者:
Johnston S

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核工程师在1940年至20世纪60年代初作为一种新的公认技术专业人员出现,当时人们正在探索核裂变、连锁反应及其应用。核工程的制度化--在战后十年期间被引入新的国家实验室和企业设计室,之后又匆忙进入学术场所--被证明异常依赖于政府的定义和支持。本文对比了这一新学科在美国和英国(更简短地说,加拿大)的不同历史。在机构实验室和工厂的隔离和有影响力的环境中,历史上的参与者,如美国的物理学家沃尔特·津恩和英国的工业化学家克里斯托弗·辛顿,被证明对塑造核专家的角色和看法产生了影响。更广泛地说,我认为,在继续教育和高等教育课程中由国家管理的新科目的植入,强烈地受到了不同的政治和经济背景的影响,在这些背景下,保密性、战后声望和不同的工业文化是决定性因素。
The nuclear engineer emerged as a new form of recognised technical professional between 1940 and the early 1960s as nuclear fission, the chain reaction and their applications were explored. The institutionalization of nuclear engineering—channelled into new national laboratories and corporate design offices during the decade after the war, and hurried into academic venues thereafter—proved unusually dependent on government definition and support. This paper contrasts the distinct histories of the new discipline in the USA and UK (and, more briefly, Canada). In the segregated and influential environments of institutional laboratories and factories, historical actors such as physicist Walter Zinn in the USA and industrial chemist Christopher Hinton in the UK proved influential in shaping the roles and perceptions of nuclear specialists. More broadly, I argue that the State-managed implantation of the new subject within further and higher education curricula was shaped strongly by distinct political and economic contexts in which secrecy, postwar prestige and differing industrial cultures were decisive factors.
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