Effects of alien species on freshwater mollusks in North America
Effects of alien species on freshwater mollusks in North America
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DOI：
10.2307/1468010
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发表时间：
1999-03-01
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Strayer, DL
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Strayer, DL
外来物种（那些被人类活动带到其原有范围之外的物种）强烈地影响了北美许多淡水沃茨中软体动物的分布和数量。在北美，这些外来物种中最著名的是斑马贻贝（Dreissena polymorpha），它通过污染贝壳和竞争食物，几乎将本地蚌类从受感染的湖泊和河流中灭绝。斑马贻贝也减少了本地sphaeriid蛤蜊的数量，增加和减少了蜗牛的数量。北美另一种著名的外来双壳贝类河蚬（Corbicula fluminea）的影响令人惊讶地鲜为人知。Corbicula可能导致一些本地双壳类的数量下降，但其他本地种群似乎与Corbicula共存。已经提出了几种可能的蚬与本地生物群之间相互作用的机制，但没有得到证实。其他外来物种，包括最近到达的蜗牛Potamopyrgus antipodarum，在某些情况下可能与本地淡水软体动物竞争激烈。一些外来物种，如圆虾虎鱼和一些太阳鱼和小龙虾引入其原产地范围以外的北美，是有效的捕食者对本地软体动物，并有很大的影响，其分布和丰富度。其他外来物种（特别是水生植物）通过改变食物基础或物理化学环境来影响软体动物。外来物种可以影响水质、污染物的循环和水质生物指标的表现。由于北美对外来物种的控制不力，它们可能是软体动物分布的一个越来越重要的因素，因为新物种从其他大陆到达，而已有物种在整个大陆传播。
Alien species (those carried outside their original ranges by human activities) have strongly affected the distribution and abundance of mollusks in many North American fresh waters. The best known of these aliens in North America is the zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha), which has nearly extirpated native unionid clams from infested lakes and rivers by fouling their shells and outcompeting them for food. Zebra mussels also have reduced populations of native sphaeriid clams, and both increased and reduced populations of snails. The effects of the other well-known alien bivalve in North America, Corbicula fluminea, are surprisingly poorly known. Corbicula probably caused some populations of native bivalves to decline, but other native populations seem to coexist with Corbicula. Several plausible mechanisms of interaction between Corbicula and the native biota have been proposed, but not demonstrated. Other aliens, including the recently arrived snail Potamopyrgus antipodarum, probably compete strongly with native freshwater mollusks under some circumstances. Several alien species, such as round goby and some sunfishes and crayfishes introduced outside their native ranges in North America, are effective predators on native mollusks and have strong effects on their distribution and abundance. Other aliens (particularly aquatic plants) affect mollusks by altering the food base or the physicochemical environment. Alien species can affect water quality, cycling of contaminants, and performance of biological indices of water quality. Because of ineffective control of aliens in North America, they may be an increasingly important factor in molluscan distribution as new species arrive from other continents and established species spread throughout the continent.