The role of domain-specific practice, handedness, and starting age in chess
The role of domain-specific practice, handedness, and starting age in chess
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DOI：
10.1037/0012-1649.43.1.159
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发表时间：
2007-01-01
影响因子：
4
通讯作者：
Campitelli, Guillermo
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Gobet, Fernand;Campitelli, Guillermo
环境和天赋的各自作用是专门知识研究中反复出现的问题。作者调查了国际象棋专业水平获得的天赋、环境和关键期的标志。阿根廷国际象棋选手（N = 104），从弱业余到大师，完成了一份问卷测量变量，包括个人和团体的做法，开始年龄，和惯用手。这项研究重申了练习对于达到高水平表现的重要性，但它也表明了一个很大的差异：速度较慢的球员需要8倍的练习才能达到大师级水平。额外的结果表明，技能和起始年龄之间的相关性，并表明，球员更有可能是混合手比个人在一般人群中，但是，有没有偏手性和技能之间的相关性内的样本国际象棋选手。总之，这些结果表明，实践是一个必要的，但不是充分的条件，为收购的专业知识，一些额外的因素可能会区分国际象棋选手和nonchessplayer，并开始实践的年龄是很重要的。
The respective roles of the environment and innate talent have been a recurrent question for research into expertise. The authors investigated markers of talent, environment, and critical period for the acquisition of expert performance in chess. Argentinian chess players (N = 104), ranging from weak amateurs to grandmasters, completed a questionnaire measuring variables including individual and group practice, starting age, and handedness. The study reaffirms the importance of practice for reaching high levels of performance, but it also indicates a large variability: The slower player needed 8 times as much practice to reach master level than the faster player. Additional results show a correlation between skill and starting age and indicate that players are more likely to be mixed-handed than individuals in the general population; however, there was no correlation between handedness and skill within the sample of chess players. Together, these results suggest that practice is a necessary but not sufficient condition for the acquisition of expertise, that some additional factors may differentiate chessplayers and nonchessplayers, and that starting age of practice is important.