Transnational Soldiers
Transnational Soldiers
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跨国士兵
DOI：
10.1057/9781137296634_10
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发表时间：
2013
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Larmer M
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Larmer M
自1960年代初以来，南部和中部非洲经历了一系列相互关联的军事、政治和社会冲突。民族国家的有限权威和跨国力量的重要性被认为是研究20世纪90年代末和21世纪初刚果战争的重要因素;与此相反，早期的冲突通常被解释为民族解放战争，无视被解放的“民族”本身是殖民主义者最近的和有问题的创造，这些战争是针对他们的。表面上是在战斗对民族独立含义的不同看法在很大程度上导致了在实现正式自治之后冲突的持续。分析家们还从地方“部落主义”或全球因素的角度来解释冲突--冷战的阴谋，或国际对矿产的需求助长了冲突。[1]所有这些因素----地方的、国家的和跨国的----无疑都与该地区冲突的更广泛的原因以及加丹加宪兵的具体例子有关，但要解释为什么军事冲突仍然是一个持久的现实，就需要调查这些不同原因之间的具体相互作用。如果我们理解非洲国家本身是最近的产物，它们的意义是可变的和有争议的，（文化、社会和经济）可以为替代性的政治斗争提供肥沃的基础，我们可以更有效地对同时具有地方性、国家性和跨国性的运动和冲突达成新的历史理解。后来被称为猛虎组织，也被称为解放刚果民族阵线（FLNC），是后殖民时代非洲最少被研究的军事和政治运动之一。对这支重要的政治军事力量的忽视，以及人们对它的各种称呼，反映了这样一个事实：
Southern and central Africa has experienced a series of interrelated military, political and social conflicts since the early 1960s. The limited authority of nation-states and the importance of transnational forces are recognized as important factors in studies of the Congo wars of the late 1990s and early 2000s; in contrast, earlier conflicts were commonly interpreted as wars of national liberation–disregarding the extent to which the ‘nations’ being liberated were themselves the recent and problematic creations of the colonialists against whom those wars were ostensibly being fought. Contested visions of the meaning of national independence contributed significantly to the continuation of conflict well after the achievement of formal self-rule. Analysts have also explained conflicts in terms of local ‘tribalism’or global factors–the machinations of the Cold War, or the fuelling of conflict by international demands for minerals. 1 All these factors–local, national and transnational–are undoubtedly relevant to the broader causes of conflict in the region and to the particular example of the Katangese gendarmes–but explaining why military conflict has remained such an enduring reality requires investigation of the specific interaction between these different causes. If we understand that African states are themselves recent creations, that their meaning is mutable and contested, and that other forms of community (cultural, social and economic) may provide fertile bases for alternative political imaginaries, we may more effectively reach new historical understandings of movements and conflicts which are simultaneously local, national and transnational.The Katangese gendarmes, known at times as the fieis, later as the Tigres, and also as the National Front for the Liberation of the Congo (FLNC), are one of the least studied military and political movements in postcolonial Africa. The neglect of this important politico-military force, as well as the various names by which it was known, reflects the fact that the gendarmes