The challenges of detecting and attributing ocean acidification impacts on marine ecosystems
The challenges of detecting and attributing ocean acidification impacts on marine ecosystems
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DOI：
10.1093/icesjms/fsaa094
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发表时间：
2020-12-01
影响因子：
3.3
通讯作者：
Busch, D. Shallin
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Doo, Steve S.;Kealoha, Andrea;Busch, D. Shallin
目前已有大量研究证明了实验室环境中海洋生物对海洋酸化 (OA) 的敏感性。然而，可明确归因于人为OA的海洋物种或生态系统变化的相应现场观测是有限的。检测和归因自然界中的OA效应仍然存在挑战，部分原因是多种环境变化与OA同时发生，所有这些变化都有可能影响海洋生态系统的响应。此外，自工业革命以来，海洋 pH 值的变化相对于许多系统内的自然变化而言很小，因此难以检测，在某些情况下，尚未超过生理阈值。明确记录OA对自然界影响的少数研究不能被解释为目前或未来缺乏更大规模的可归因影响，但强调需要创新的研究方法和分析。我们总结了四个相对充分研究的海洋类群（海草、翼足类、牡蛎和珊瑚礁）的一般发现，并整合了总体主题，以强调在自然环境中检测和归因 OA 影响所面临的挑战。然后，我们讨论了四种潜在策略，以更好地评估和归因 OA 对物种和生态系统的影响。首先，我们强调需要对沿海和公海水域中人为输入的二氧化碳进行量化，以了解二氧化碳的增加如何与其他物理和化学因素相互作用，从而驱动生物状况。其次，了解 OA 引起的人口层面人口统计变化、某些生命阶段可能增加的敏感性，以及这些影响如何扩展到生态系统层面的过程（例如群落代谢），将提高我们将协同变化参数中的 OA 影响归因于 OA 的能力。第三，非常需要通过生态学和进化（生态-进化动力学）的相互作用来了解OA影响的潜在调节。最后，进一步的研究工作旨在利用长期数据集的比较方法来检测、量化和预测OA对海洋生物和生态系统的影响，也将为海洋生态系统的管理提供重要信息。
A substantial body of research now exists demonstrating sensitivities of marine organisms to ocean acidification (OA) in laboratory settings. However, corresponding in situ observations of marine species or ecosystem changes that can be unequivocally attributed to anthropogenic OA are limited. Challenges remain in detecting and attributing OA effects in nature, in part because multiple environmental changes are co-occurring with OA, all of which have the potential to influence marine ecosystem responses. Furthermore, the change in ocean pH since the industrial revolution is small relative to the natural variability within many systems, making it difficult to detect, and in some cases, has yet to cross physiological thresholds. The small number of studies that clearly document OA impacts in nature cannot be interpreted as a lack of larger-scale attributable impacts at the present time or in the future but highlights the need for innovative research approaches and analyses. We summarize the general findings in four relatively well-studied marine groups (seagrasses, pteropods, oysters, and coral reefs) and integrate overarching themes to highlight the challenges involved in detecting and attributing the effects of OA in natural environments. We then discuss four potential strategies to better evaluate and attribute OA impacts on species and ecosystems. First, we highlight the need for work quantifying the anthropogenic input of CO2 in coastal and open-ocean waters to understand how this increase in CO2 interacts with other physical and chemical factors to drive organismal conditions. Second, understanding OA-induced changes in population-level demography, potentially increased sensitivities in certain life stages, and how these effects scale to ecosystem-level processes (e.g. community metabolism) will improve our ability to attribute impacts to OA among co-varying parameters. Third, there is a great need to understand the potential modulation of OA impacts through the interplay of ecology and evolution (eco-evo dynamics). Lastly, further research efforts designed to detect, quantify, and project the effects of OA on marine organisms and ecosystems utilizing a comparative approach with long-term data sets will also provide critical information for informing the management of marine ecosystems.