Nicotine derivatives in wastewater and surface waters:: Application as chemical markers for domestic wastewater
Nicotine derivatives in wastewater and surface waters:: Application as chemical markers for domestic wastewater
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DOI：
10.1021/es800455q
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发表时间：
2008-09-01
影响因子：
11.4
通讯作者：
Poiger, Thomas
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Buerge, Ignaz J.;Kahle, Maren;Poiger, Thomas
尼古丁在人体内广泛代谢为多种化合物，这些化合物可能通过生活废水的排放进入天然沃茨。然而，对水生环境的暴露和潜在影响知之甚少。在这项研究中，使用基于SPE和LC-MS/MS SRM的分析方法，以可替宁-d（3）作为内标（LOQ，1.0-1.5 ng/L），测量了瑞士湖泊废水和水中的两种主要尿液代谢物可替宁和3 '-羟基可替宁以及另一种烟草生物碱N-甲酰去甲烟碱。可替宁和3 '-羟基可替宁的典型浓度在未处理的废水中类似于1-1 μ g/L，但在处理的废水中明显更低（类似于0.01-0.6 μ g/L），对应于90- 99%的消除效率。然而，在未经处理和经处理的废水中发现了相似浓度的N-甲酰去甲烟碱（0.02-0.15微克/升）。通过活性污泥培养实验进一步证实了其在废水处理过程中的表观持久性。在湖泊中，可替宁、3 '-羟基可替宁和N-甲酰去甲烟碱的浓度分别高达15、80和6 ng/L。湖泊中的浓度与生活废水的预期人为负担（人口/水流量的比率）相关，证明了这些尼古丁衍生物作为亲水性人为标记物的适用性。在有大量废水排放的小型受纳沃茨中，浓度可能达到几百纳克/升。然而，目前无法评估与此类环境浓度相关的可能生态毒理学风险，因为关于对水生生物的影响的数据非常有限，特别是关于长期影响的数据。
Nicotine is extensively metabolized in the human body to a number of compounds, which may enter natural waters via discharge of domestic wastewater. However, little is known on exposure of and potential effects on the aquatic environment In this study, two major urinary metabolites, cotinine and 3'-hydroxycotinine, as well as a further tobacco alkaloid, N-formylnornicotine, were measured in wastewater and water from Swiss lakes using an analytical procedure based on SPE and LC-MS/MS SRM with cotinine-d(3) as internal standard (LOQs, 1.0-1.5 ng/L. Typical concentrations of cotinine and 3'-hydroxycotinine were similar to 1-1 mu g/L in untreated wastewater, but clearly less in treated wastewater (similar to 0.01-0.6 mu g/L), corresponding to elimination efficiencies of 90-99%. N-Formylnornicotine, however, was found at similar concentrations in untreated and treated wastewater (0.02-0.15 mu g/L). Its apparent persistence during wastewater treatment was further confirmed by incubation experiments with activated sludge. In lakes, cotinine, 3'-hydroxycotinine, and N-formylnornicotine were detected at concentrations up to 15, 80, and 6 ng/L, respectively. Concentrations in lakes correlated with the expected anthropogenic burden by domestic wastewater (ratio population per water throughflow), demonstrating the suitability of these nicotine derivatives as hydrophilic, anthropogenic markers. In small receiving waters with significant wastewater discharges, concentrations of a few hundred ng/L may be expected. Possible ecotoxicological risks associated with such environmental concentrations, can, however, not be assessed at present as data on effects on aquatic organisms are very limited, in particular on long-term effects.