Mannahatta: An Ecological First Look at the Manhattan Landscape Prior to Henry Hudson
Mannahatta: An Ecological First Look at the Manhattan Landscape Prior to Henry Hudson
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曼纳哈塔：亨利·哈德逊之前曼哈顿景观的生态初探
DOI：
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发表时间：
2007
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影响因子：
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通讯作者：
Mariann F. Brown
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作者：
E. Sanderson;Mariann F. Brown
摘要 大约 1782 年绘制的英国总部地图为了解纽约曼哈顿岛在大规模城市化之前的自然地形、水文和土地覆盖提供了一个非凡的窗口。曼哈顿以前地势崎岖，由超过 108 公里的溪流和至少 21 个池塘灌溉，这些溪流在 18 世纪末流入和流出湿地，湿地覆盖了该岛近 10% 的面积。这些特征在很大程度上代表了欧洲定居之前的景观。我们利用英国总部地图中解释的生态特征以及其他历史、生态和考古信息来推测这个前欧洲岛屿的生态系统组成。我们认为，岛上或附近水域可能曾经发现过 54 个不同的生态群落，包括栗子郁金香树林、亨普斯特德平原草原、淡水和潮汐沼泽、硬木沼泽、泥炭地、岩石源头溪流、沿海平原池塘、鳗草草甸和文化衍生的生态系统，如美国原住民村庄遗址和田野。这个以前的生态系统由超过 99% 的自然区域组成，与该岛 21 世纪的状态形成鲜明对比，该岛只有 3% 的面积用于生态管理。
Abstract The British Headquarters Map, circa 1782, provides a remarkable window onto the natural topography, hydrology, and land cover of Manhattan Island, NY, before extensive urbanization. Manhattan formerly hosted a rugged topography watered by over 108 km of streams and at least 21 ponds, flowing in and out of wetlands that covered nearly 10% of the island in the late 18th century. These features are largely representative of the landscape prior to European settlement. We used ecological features interpreted from the British Headquarters Map, and additional historical, ecological, and archeological information, to hypothesize about the ecosystem composition of the pre-European island. We suggest that 54 different ecological communities may have once been found on the island or in nearby waters, including chestnut-tulip tree forests, Hempstead Plains grasslands, freshwater and tidal marshes, hardwood swamps, peatlands, rocky headwater streams, coastal-plain ponds, eelgrass meadows, and culturally derived ecosystems, such as Native American village sites and fields. This former ecosystem mosaic, consisting of over 99% natural areas, stands in sharp contrast to the 21st-century state of the island in which only 3% of its area is dedicated to ecological management.