Active crustal differentiation beneath the Rio Grande Rift

Active crustal differentiation beneath the Rio Grande Rift
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里奥格兰德裂谷下方活跃的地壳分异

DOI:
10.1038/s41561-020-0640-z
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发表时间:
2020
期刊:
影响因子:
18.3
通讯作者:
Smye, Andrew J.
Smye, Andrew J.
中科院分区:
地球科学1区
文献类型:
--
作者:
Cipar, Jacob H.;Garber, Joshua M.;Kylander-Clark, Andrew R.;Smye, Andrew J.

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富含硅的大陆地壳是地球独有的。高温到超高温变质作用(700 °C到>900 °C)的部分熔融促进了地壳的长期稳定,因为它在地壳和地幔之间重新分配关键元素,最终产生更凉爽、更具差异性的大陆。花岗岩--以前处于高温到超高温条件下的岩石--保存了地球大陆稳定的记录,但驱动麻粒岩形成的构造机制是谜。在这里,我们对来自里奥格兰德裂谷的下地壳捕虏体进行了分析,里奥格兰德裂谷是美国西南部的一个新的延伸带。铀-铅地质年代学和热年代学结合温压模拟表明,地壳下部10 千米目前处于麻粒岩相条件,最低2 千米处于超高温条件下。地壳和地幔包体定义了一个连续的压力和温度序列,表明薄薄的岩石圈地幔盖层介导了向地壳的高传导热传递。这些发现建立了超高温变质作用、拉拉米德造山带的坍塌和岩石圈地幔衰减之间的直接联系。现代超高温变质作用的其他指标与美国-墨西哥盆地和山脉省数千平方公里范围内普遍存在的这些条件一致。来自里奥格兰德下地壳的压力和温度路径与出土的麻粒岩地体的压力和温度路径相似,表明后增厚岩石圈伸展是区分地球大陆地壳的主要机制。
Silicon-rich continental crust is unique to Earth. Partial melting during high- to ultrahigh-temperature metamorphism (700 °C to >900 °C) promotes the long-term stability of this crust because it redistributes key elements between the crust and mantle and ultimately produces cooler, more-differentiated continents. Granulites—rocks formerly at high- to ultrahigh-temperature conditions—preserve a record of the stabilization of Earth’s continents, but the tectonic mechanisms that drive granulite formation are enigmatic. Here we present an analysis of lower-crustal xenoliths from the Rio Grande Rift—a nascent zone of extension in the southwestern United States. Uranium–lead geo- and thermochronology combined with thermobarometric modelling show that the lower 10 km of the crust currently resides at granulite-facies conditions, with the lowermost 2 km at ultrahigh-temperature conditions. Crust and mantle xenoliths define a continuous pressure-and-temperature array, indicating that a thin lithospheric mantle lid mediates elevated conductive heat transfer into the crust. These findings establish a direct link among ultrahigh-temperature metamorphism, collapse of the Laramide orogen and lithospheric mantle attenuation. Other indicators of modern ultrahigh-temperature metamorphism are consistent with these conditions prevailing over thousands of square kilometres across the US–Mexico Basin and Range province. Similarities between the pressure-and-temperature path from the Rio Grande lower crust and those from exhumed granulite terranes imply that post-thickening lithospheric extension is a primary mechanism to differentiate Earth’s continental crust.
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