Opposing Visions: Migration and Citizenship Policies in Japan and the United States
Opposing Visions: Migration and Citizenship Policies in Japan and the United States
复制标题
对立的愿景：日本和美国的移民和公民政策
DOI：
10.1007/978-1-349-14418-1_1
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发表时间：
1998
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
M. Weiner
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
M. Weiner
20世纪80年代中期，日本官僚、政客、媒体和公众注意到，越来越多的外国人非法在日本生活和工作。人数并不是特别多--只有大约30万人--但他们的到场本身就是一个公开讨论的场合。他们为什么要来？日本需要外国工人来做日本人不想要的工作吗？为什么会出现对外劳的需求，现在与以前有什么不同？但对许多日本人来说，核心问题是，日本人能学会与外国人生活在一起吗？当然，日本正在经历一场其他正在经历移民涌入的发达工业国所熟悉的“危机”--如果有人可以这么说的话。1980年代中期，公众对非法移民到美国的问题也越来越关注，到1990年代初，公众就合法和非法移民对就业和社会服务的影响展开了公开辩论。同样，欧洲政府和公众一直对寻求庇护者的涌入感到担忧，对于如何最好地处理已经永久定居的外来工人及其家人，存在很大的不确定性。至少在两个方面，日本的情况与美国和其他先进工业社会不同。首先，在所有主要工业国中，日本的外国人比例最低，在1.23亿人口中只有130万，即1.1%。在几乎每一个
In the mid-1980s Japanese bureaucrats, politicians, the media and the public took notice of an increasing number of foreigners illegally living and working in Japan. The number was not particularly large-only about 300 000 persons-but their very presence was an occasion for much public discussion. Why had they come? Did Japan need foreign workers for jobs that Japanese did not want? Why had the demand for foreign workers arisen and what was different now from earlier? But to many Japanese the central question was, could Japanese learn to live with foreigners in their midst? Japan was, of course, experiencing a" crisis"-if one can call it that-familiar to other advanced industrial countries experiencing an influx of migrants. In the mid-1980s there was also a growing public concern over illegal migration to the United States and by the early 1990s there was a public debate over the impact of migrants, both legal and illegal, upon employment and social services. Similarly, European governments and publics have been concerned over the influx of asylum seekers and there has been much uncertainty as to how best to deal with guest workers and their families who have permanently settled. In at least two respects, the situation in Japan is different from that in the United States and other advanced industrial societies. The first is that Japan has the lowest proportion of foreigners of any major industrial country, 1.3 million in a population of 123 million, or 1.1 percent. In virtually every