The best of both worlds
The best of both worlds
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DOI：
10.1088/0957-4484/21/18/180201
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发表时间：
2010
期刊：
影响因子：
3.5
通讯作者：
A. Demming
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
A. Demming
今年是Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman因其对光的分子散射[1]的调查而获得诺贝尔奖的80年，这是他在欧洲旅行中启发的作品，他首次瞥见了“地中海的奇妙蓝色乳白色” [[ 2]。但是，拉曼光谱的缺点之一一直是低拉曼散射截面，通常比瑞利散射横截面弱了1000倍，从而导致纳米技术的进展揭示了使用拉曼信号的方法。金属纳米颗粒在单个分子的水平上导致光学检测和光谱[3]。在一系列应用中表现出巨大的潜力，包括数据存储，光生的光学元件，显微镜和生物探测器，这融合了许多旨在优化日本浆液性研究人员的研究。被用来调整血浆式反应[4]，最近在美国的研究人员证明了如何调整纳米恢复的结构以在红外线中的响应中响应电磁频谱，这些纳米结构在20年前推出的纳米技术时，将这些纳米结构用于细胞成像中的应用[5]，纳米级的研究是通过扫描探针技术的发展而促进了微观量表的发展。第一次“看到”原子。扫描，隧道和原子力显微镜[6，7]。当美国贝尔实验室的一组研究人员以纳米分辨率检索光学信息[8]。在纳米技术中，正在进行扫描的探针技术，英国的一组科学家报告了扫描探针能量损失光谱的同轴尖端[9] ，从而将扭曲降低到电子轨迹的轨迹。这在敏感性和速度方面提供了好处[10]。光谱是一种鼓励放弃纳米级解决方案的光谱细节的妥协，从而激发了对技术进步的进一步努力[1] Raman C V 1922年110-6 [2] Raman C V 1965诺贝尔演讲，物理学1922-41（阿姆斯特丹：Elsevier）[3] 6 [4] Yang Y，Matsubara S，Nogami M，Shi J和Huang W 2006纳米技术17 2821-7 [5] Ross B M和Lee L P 2008 Nanotechnology 19 275201 [6] Burnham N A, Colton, R J and Pollock H M 1993 Nanotechnology 4 64–80 [7] Burnham N A, Behrend O P, Oulevey F, Gremaud G, Gallo P-J, Gourdon D, Dupas E, Kulik A J, Pollock H M和Briggs G A D 1997纳米技术8 67-75 [8] Betzig E，Trautman J K，Harris T D，Weiner J S和Kostelak R L 1991 Science 251 1468–70 [9]歌曲M Y，Robinson A PG和Palmer R E 2010纳米技术21 155304 [10] Kjoller K，Felts J R，Cook D，Prater C B，Prater C B和King W P 2010 Nanotechnology 21 185707
This year marks 80 years since Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman was awarded the Nobel Prize for his investigations on the molecular scattering of light [1], work inspired during a trip to Europe by his first glimpse of the 'wonderful blue opalescence of the Mediterranean Sea' [2]. These studies led to the discovery of Raman scattering, now widely exploited for the unique spectral Raman 'fingerprint' associated with substances that facilitate their identification. However, one of the drawbacks of Raman spectroscopy has always been the low Raman scattering cross section, typically more than a 1000 times weaker than the Rayleigh scattering cross section, resulting in an extremely weak signal. Progress in nanotechnology revealed ways of enhancing Raman signals using metal nanoparticles, resulting in optical detection and spectroscopy at the level of a single molecule [3]. Surface plasmon resonances in metal nanoparticles have demonstrated great potential in a range of applications, including data storage, light generation, nonlinear optics, microscopy and biophotonics, and this has motivated many investigations aimed at optimising plasmonic properties. Researchers in Japan and China demonstrated how the self-assembly of gold nanoparticles can be used to tune plasmonic responses [4], and more recently researchers in America have demonstrated how nanocrescent structures can be tuned to respond in the infrared part of the electromagnetic spectrum, lending these nanostructures to applications in cellular imaging in vivo [5]. At the time that Nanotechnology was launched 20 years ago, nanoscale research had been galvanized by developments in scanning probe techniques that pushed microscopic resolutions to unprecedented scales, enabling people to `see' atoms for the first time. The intrinsic awe of such images and the potency of these investigative tools naturally drove further research into refining techniques in scanning, tunnelling and atomic force microscopy [6, 7]. However, the data from these scanning probe techniques are traditionally limited in their ability to retrieve spectral details, thus inhibiting optical characterization. Scanning optical microscopy looked set to commandeer the best of both worlds, when a team of researchers at Bell Laboratories in the USA retrieved optical information with nanometre resolution [8]. Since then other methods have developed to overcome the spectral bottle neck in progressing scanning probe techniques. Recently in Nanotechnology, a team of scientists in the UK reported the fabrication of a coaxial tip for scanning probe energy loss spectroscopy [9]. The outer sheath is grounded to shield the field between the tip and substrate, thus reducing distortions to the trajectory of the electrons. In this issue, researchers in Illinois, USA, report improvements to a method incorporating an atomic force microscopy tip in infrared spectroscopy that offers benefits in terms of sensitivity and speed [10]. They obtain infrared spectra containing details of the molecular structure of materials with nanoscale resolution. There are many instances when circumstances enforce a choice between two equally desirable resources. The latest developments in scanning probe spectroscopy are an encouragement to abandon the compromise of spectral detail for nanoscale resolution, inspiring further endeavours toward technological progress. References [1] Raman C V 1922 Nature 110 505–6 [2] Raman C V 1965 Nobel Lectures, Physics 1922–41 (Amsterdam: Elsevier) [3] Felischmann M, Hendra P J and McQuillan A J 1974 Chem. Phys. Lett. 26 163–6 [4] Yang Y, Matsubara S, Nogami M, Shi J and Huang W 2006 Nanotechnology 17 2821–7 [5] Ross B M and Lee L P 2008 Nanotechnology 19 275201 [6] Burnham N A, Colton, R J and Pollock H M 1993 Nanotechnology 4 64–80 [7] Burnham N A, Behrend O P, Oulevey F, Gremaud G, Gallo P-J, Gourdon D, Dupas E, Kulik A J, Pollock H M and Briggs G A D 1997 Nanotechnology 8 67–75 [8] Betzig E, Trautman J K, Harris T D, Weiner J S and Kostelak R L 1991 Science 251 1468–70 [9] Song M Y, Robinson A P G and Palmer R E 2010 Nanotechnology 21 155304 [10] Kjoller K, Felts J R, Cook D, Prater C B and King W P 2010 Nanotechnology 21 185707