Immunity in lepidopteran insects.
Immunity in lepidopteran insects.
复制标题
鳞翅目昆虫的免疫力。
DOI：
10.1007/978-1-4419-8059-5_10
复制
发表时间：
2010
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
鳞翅目昆虫为昆虫先天免疫，特别是血细胞的细胞生物学和血浆蛋白的生化分析提供了重要的模型系统。毛毛虫也是最严重的农业害虫之一，了解其免疫系统具有潜在的实际意义。鳞翅目幼虫对感染的早期反应是激活血细胞粘附，导致吞噬作用、结节形成或包膜。浆细胞和颗粒细胞是参与这些反应的血细胞类型。通过血淋巴血浆蛋白与微生物表面成分的结合来识别传染性微生物。这种“模式识别”触发吞噬作用和结节形成、酚氧化酶原激活和黑化以及分泌到血淋巴中的抗菌蛋白的合成。许多在昆虫先天免疫反应中发挥作用的血淋巴蛋白首先是在鳞翅目动物中发现的。裂解的宿主细胞释放的微生物蛋白酶和核酸也可能激活鳞翅目免疫反应。血淋巴抗菌肽和蛋白质可以达到高浓度，并且可能具有针对广谱微生物的活性，对清除感染有显着贡献。由微生物成分与模式识别蛋白相互作用触发的丝氨酸蛋白酶级联途径刺激细胞因子 Spätzle 的激活，从而启动抗菌肽表达的 Toll 途径。蛋白酶级联还导致酚氧化酶的蛋白水解激活和黑色素涂层的产生，从而捕获和杀死寄生虫和病原体。血淋巴中的蛋白酶受到特定抑制剂的调节，包括丝氨酸蛋白酶抑制剂超家族的成员。鳞翅目功能基因组学的新进展应该会导致人们对这一昆虫类群的免疫系统有更全面的了解。
Lepidopteran insects provide important model systems for innate immunity of insects, particularly for cell biology of hemocytes and biochemical analyses of plasma proteins. Caterpillars are also among the most serious agricultural pests, and understanding of their immune systems has potential practical significance. An early response to infection in lepidopteran larvae is the activation of hemocyte adhesion, leading to phagocytosis, nodule formation, or encapsulation. Plasmatocytes and granular cells are the hemocyte types involved in these responses. Infectious microorganisms are recognized by binding of hemolymph plasma proteins to microbial surface components. This “pattern recognition” triggers phagocytosis and nodule formation, activation of prophenoloxidase and melanization and the synthesis of antimicrobial proteins that are secreted into the hemolymph. Many hemolymph proteins that function in such innate immune responses of insects were first discovered in lepidopterans. Microbial proteinases and nucleic acids released from lysed host cells may also activate lepidopteran immune responses. Hemolymph antimicrobial peptides and proteins can reach high concentrations and may have activity against a broad spectrum of microorganisms, contributing significantly to clearing of infections. Serine proteinase cascade pathways triggered by microbial components interacting with pattern recognition proteins stimulate activation of the cytokine Spätzle, which initiates the Toll pathway for expression of antimicrobial peptides. Aproteinase cascade also results in proteolytic activation of phenoloxidase and production of melanin coatings that trap and kill parasites and pathogens. The proteinases in hemolymph are regulated by specific inhibitors, including members of the serpin superfamily. New developments in lepidopteran functional genomics should lead to much more complete understanding of the immune systems of this insect group.