Large-scale parallel lattice Boltzmann-cellular automaton model of two-dimensional dendritic growth
Large-scale parallel lattice Boltzmann-cellular automaton model of two-dimensional dendritic growth
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DOI：
10.1016/j.cpc.2013.09.013
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发表时间：
2014-03-01
影响因子：
6.3
通讯作者：
Peters, John F.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Jelinek, Bohurnir;Eshraghi, Mohsen;Peters, John F.
提出了一种可扩展的格子Boltzmann（LB）-元胞自动机（CA）模型，用于模拟强制对流条件下的二维枝晶凝固过程。该模型综合考虑了相变、溶质扩散、熔体对流和热输运的影响。LB模型代表了扩散、对流和传热现象。枝晶生长是由固液界面处的实际液体组成与平衡液体组成之间的差异驱动的。CA技术被用来跟踪新的接口单元。计算机程序采用消息传递接口（MPI）技术并行化。研究了该算法的并行扩展性，并确定了主要的可扩展性瓶颈。当每个处理器使用多个核时，观察到归因于算法的高存储器带宽要求的效率损失。在二进制分层数据格式5（HDF 5）中实现了感兴趣的输出变量的并行写入，以提高输出性能，并简化可视化。计算进行了单精度算术没有显着损失的准确性，从而减少了50%的内存和计算时间的要求。所提出的凝固模型显示出非常好的可扩展性，可扩展到厘米尺寸的域，包括超过一千万的dendrites.Program summary程序标题：2Ddend目录标识符：AEQZ_v1_0程序摘要URL：http://cpc.cs.qub.ac.uk/summaries/AEQZ_v1_0.htmlProgram可从：CPC Program Library，Queen's University，贝尔法斯特，英国获得许可条款：标准CPC许可，http://cpc.cs.qub.ac.uk/licenceilicence.htmlNo。分布式程序中的行，包括测试数据等：29，767没有。分布式程序的字节数，包括测试数据等：3131、367发行格式：tar. gz编程语言：Fortran 90。计算机：Linux PC和集群。操作系统：Linux。代码是否已矢量化或并行化？：是的程序使用MPI并行化。使用的处理器数量：1-50，000 RAM：内存要求取决于网格大小分类：6.5，7.7外部例程：MPI（http：www.mcs.anl.gov/research/projects/mpia HDF 5（http：//www.hdfgroup.org/HDF5/）问题性质：强制对流下过冷Al-3wt%Cu合金熔体中的枝晶生长求解方法：格子Boltzmann模型求解扩散、对流和传热现象。元胞自动机技术被部署到跟踪固/液界面。限制：传热计算从流体流动解耦。不寻常的特点：新的技术，利用周期性复制预先生长的“孵化”域，应用于放大测试。运行时间：运行时间从几分钟到几天不等，取决于域的大小和计算核心的数量。(C)2013爱思唯尔有限公司版权所有。
An extremely scalable lattice Boltzmann (LB)-cellular automaton (CA) model for simulations of two-dimensional (2D) dendritic solidification under forced convection is presented. The model incorporates effects of phase change, solute diffusion, melt convection, and heat transport. The LB model represents the diffusion, convection, and heat transfer phenomena. The dendrite growth is driven by a difference between actual and equilibrium liquid composition at the solid-liquid interface. The CA technique is deployed to track the new interface cells. The computer program was parallelized using the Message Passing Interface (MPI) technique. Parallel scaling of the algorithm was studied and major scalability bottlenecks were identified. Efficiency loss attributable to the high memory bandwidth requirement of the algorithm was observed when using multiple cores per processor. Parallel writing of the output variables of interest was implemented in the binary Hierarchical Data Format 5 (HDF5) to improve the output performance, and to simplify visualization. Calculations were carried out in single precision arithmetic without significant loss in accuracy, resulting in 50% reduction of memory and computational time requirements. The presented solidification model shows a very good scalability up to centimeter size domains, including more than ten million of dendrites.Program summaryProgram title: 2DdendCatalogue identifier: AEQZ_v1_0Program summary URL: http://cpc.cs.qub.ac.uk/summaries/AEQZ_v1_0.htmlProgram obtainable from: CPC Program Library, Queen's University, Belfast, UKLicensing provisions: Standard CPC license, http://cpc.cs.qub.ac.uk/licenceilicence.htmlNo. of lines in distributed program, including test data, etc.: 29,767No. of bytes in distributed program, including test data, etc.: 3131,367Distribution format: tar.gzProgramming language: Fortran 90.Computer: Linux PC and clusters.Operating system: Linux.Has the code been vectorized or parallelized?: Yes. Program is parallelized using MPI. Number of processors used: 1-50,000RAM: Memory requirements depend on the grid sizeClassification: 6.5, 7.7.External routines: MPI (http://www.mcs.anl.gov/research/projects/mpia HDF5 (http://www.hdfgroup.org/HDF5/)Nature of problem:Dendritic growth in undercooled Al-3 wt% Cu alloy melt under forced convection.Solution method:The lattice Boltzmann model solves the diffusion, convection, and heat transfer phenomena. The cellular automaton technique is deployed to track the solid/liquid interface.Restrictions:Heat transfer is calculated uncoupled from the fluid flow. Thermal diffusivity is constant.Unusual features:Novel technique, utilizing periodic duplication of a pre-grown "incubation" domain, is applied for the scaleup test.Running time:Running time varies from minutes to days depending on the domain size and number of computational cores. (C) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.