VORTEX FORMATION DURING TETHERED FLIGHT OF FUNCTIONALLY AND MORPHOLOGICALLY TWO-WINGED INSECTS, INCLUDING EVOLUTIONARY CONSIDERATIONS ON INSECT FLIGHT
VORTEX FORMATION DURING TETHERED FLIGHT OF FUNCTIONALLY AND MORPHOLOGICALLY TWO-WINGED INSECTS, INCLUDING EVOLUTIONARY CONSIDERATIONS ON INSECT FLIGHT
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功能和形态双翅昆虫系留飞行过程中涡流的形成，包括昆虫飞行的进化考虑
DOI：
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发表时间：
1993
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
P. P. Morozov
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
D. Grodnitsky;P. P. Morozov
本文采用改进的粉尘流可视化方法研究了六种昆虫（两种蝽、一种蛾、一种蝴蝶、一种蝇和一种起重机蝇）的系留飞行。在二维流场图像的基础上，重建了飞行试件近涡尾迹的空间结构。在中风周期后的动态，揭示了种间差异的漩涡形成。这表明，昆虫在每一个冲程期间创建一个单独的涡环。因此，Brodsky提出的双涡链假说是不成立的。Bocharova-Messner的喷流假说也是如此。当它们在飞行轨迹的顶端内旋时，扑动的翅膀会将空气团从它们的下表面抛出，但在它们的上表面之间没有喷气。前缘气流分离是一种罕见的现象，在冲程周期中不规则地发生。这就是为什么，与广泛的理论预期相反，Weis-Fogh的飞行机制不可能包含前缘分离泡，而前缘分离泡必须在机翼前部失速之后出现。这表明，飞行动物具有特殊的机制，提取能量从附近的旋涡尾流。提出了一些假设的适应，这样的提取在昆虫。描述了昆虫飞行进化的可能途径。
Tethered flight of six insect species (two pentatomid bugs, a moth, a butterfly, a muscid fly and a crane fly) was studied using several modifications of a dust flow visualization procedure. The spatial structure of the near vortex wake of flying specimens was reconstructed on the basis of two- dimensional flow pictures. The dynamics of the wake was followed during a stroke cycle, revealing interspecific differences in vortex formation. It is suggested that insects create a single vortex ring during each stroke. Therefore, the hypothesis of double vortex chains advanced by Brodsky is not verified. The same is true of the jet hypothesis of Bocharova-Messner. While pronating at the top of their trajectory, the flapping wings throw air masses off their lower surfaces, but there is not a jet from between their upper sides. Flow separation from leading edges was found to be a rare phenomenon, taking place irregularly during the stroke cycle. That is why, contrary to widespread theoretical expectations, the Weis-Fogh fling mechanism is not likely to contain a leading edge separation bubble, which must follow stalling at the front part of the wings. It is suggested that flying animals possess special mechanisms for extracting energy back from the near vortex wake. Some hypothetical adaptations for such an extraction in insects are put forward. Possible pathways for the evolution of insect flight are described.