The geological evolution of Merapi volcano, Central Java, Indonesia
The geological evolution of Merapi volcano, Central Java, Indonesia
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印度尼西亚中爪哇省默拉皮火山的地质演化
DOI：
10.1007/s00445-012-0591-3
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发表时间：
2012
影响因子：
3.5
通讯作者：
Gertisser R
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Gertisser R
默拉皮火山是位于中爪哇（印度尼西亚）的一个几乎持续活跃的玄武岩-玄武岩安山岩火山复合体，通常被认为是由重力熔岩穹丘破裂产生小体积火山碎屑流的类型火山（默拉皮型nusames ardentes）。地层野外数据、已公布的放射性碳年龄和新的40k - 40ar和40ar - 39ar年龄，以及全岩地球化学数据，可以重新评估火山杂岩的地质和地球化学演化。本文介绍了已出版的默拉皮地质图[(Wirakusumah et al. 1989), Peta Geologi Gunungapi Merapi, Jawa Tengah（中爪哇默拉皮火山地质图），1:50 000]的改编版，其中区分了八个主要的火山地层单位，并与火山复杂体的三个主要演化阶段——原默拉皮、旧默拉皮和新默拉皮联系在一起。默拉皮火山群的建造始于170万年之后。两个最早的（原默拉皮）火山建筑，位于默拉皮东北侧的小型玄武岩安山岩火山结构Gunung Bibi（109±60 ka）和火山南部的两座玄武岩山Gunung Turgo和Gunung Plawangan(138±3 ka; 135±3 ka)，早于默拉皮锥的严格感觉。古默拉皮火山在30ka开始发育，形成了玄武岩安山岩熔岩和夹层火山碎屑岩的层状火山。这座古老的默拉皮火山被一次或几次侧面坍塌所摧毁，最近一次发生在4.8±1.5 ka之后，标志着旧默拉皮火山阶段的结束。最近的默拉皮锥（新默拉皮）的建造开始于之后。旧默拉皮和新默拉皮（<11,792±9014C年BP）的玄武岩安山岩和火山碎屑岩沉积物大多覆盖在大厦的下侧翼。喷发产物的中钾向高钾特征转变发生在~ 1,90014c年BP，较年轻的产物都具有高钾亲和力。放射性碳记录表明，从那时起，默拉皮火山几乎持续活动，高喷发频率的时期被明显较低喷发率的较短间隔打断，这反映在喷发产物的地球化学成分中。全新世地层记录显示，喷泉崩塌火山碎屑流是默拉皮的常见现象。这些流动的分布和流动距离经常超过最近活动的典型的默拉皮式流动。广泛分布的浮石沉降沉积物证明了在全新世中后期曾发生过中至大型（亚斜坡）喷发（VEI 3-4）。根据地层记录，VEI 4号火山喷发比历史上任何有记录的默拉皮火山喷发都要大一个数量级，除了公元1872年和2010年10 - 11月的事件。在默拉皮进行长期危害评估时，需要仔细考虑两种类型的喷发和火山现象。
Merapi is an almost persistently active basalt to basaltic andesite volcanic complex in Central Java (Indonesia) and often referred to as the type volcano for small-volume pyroclastic flows generated by gravitational lava dome failures (Merapi-type nuées ardentes). Stratigraphic field data, published and new radiocarbon ages in conjunction with a new set of40K–40Ar and40Ar–39Ar ages, and whole-rock geochemical data allow a reassessment of the geological and geochemical evolution of the volcanic complex. An adapted version of the published geological map of Merapi [(Wirakusumah et al. 1989), Peta Geologi Gunungapi Merapi, Jawa Tengah (Geologic map of Merapi volcano, Central Java), 1:50,000] is presented, in which eight main volcano stratigraphic units are distinguished, linked to three main evolutionary stages of the volcanic complex—Proto-Merapi, Old Merapi and New Merapi. Construction of the Merapi volcanic complex began after 170 ka. The two earliest (Proto-Merapi) volcanic edifices, Gunung Bibi (109 ± 60 ka), a small basaltic andesite volcanic structure on Merapi’s north-east flank, and Gunung Turgo and Gunung Plawangan (138 ± 3 ka; 135 ± 3 ka), two basaltic hills in the southern sector of the volcano, predate the Merapi cone sensu stricto. Old Merapi started to grow at ~30 ka, building a stratovolcano of basaltic andesite lavas and intercalated pyroclastic rocks. This older Merapi edifice was destroyed by one or, possibly, several flank failures, the latest of which occurred after 4.8 ± 1.5 ka and marks the end of the Old Merapi stage. The construction of the recent Merapi cone (New Merapi) began afterwards. Mostly basaltic andesite pyroclastic and epiclastic deposits of both Old and New Merapi (<11,792 ± 9014C years BP) cover the lower flanks of the edifice. A shift from medium-K to high-K character of the eruptive products occurred at ~1,90014C years BP, with all younger products having high-K affinity. The radiocarbon record points towards an almost continuous activity of Merapi since this time, with periods of high eruption frequency interrupted by shorter intervals of apparently lower eruption rates, which is reflected in the geochemical composition of the eruptive products. The Holocene stratigraphic record reveals that fountain collapse pyroclastic flows are a common phenomenon at Merapi. The distribution and run-out distances of these flows have frequently exceeded those of the classic Merapi-type nuées ardentes of the recent activity. Widespread pumiceous fallout deposits testify the occurrence of moderate to large (subplinian) eruptions (VEI 3–4) during the mid to late Holocene. VEI 4 eruptions, as identified in the stratigraphic record, are an order of magnitude larger than any recorded historical eruption of Merapi, except for the 1872 AD and, possibly, the October–November 2010 events. Both types of eruptive and volcanic phenomena require careful consideration in long-term hazard assessment at Merapi.
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中爪哇默拉皮火山爆发一万年：考古学和现代意义
影响因子：
2.9
作者：
C. Newhall;S. Bronto;B. Alloway;N. Banks;I. Bahar;M. D. Marmol;R. Hadisantono;R. Holcomb;J. McGeehin;J. Miksic;M. Rubin;S. D. Sayudi;R. Sukhyar;S. Andreastuti;R. Tilling;R. Torley;D. Trimble;A. D. Wirakusumah
通讯作者：
A. D. Wirakusumah
印度尼西亚中爪哇默拉皮火山的岩石学和地球化学
DOI：
--
发表时间：
1989
期刊：
影响因子：
--
作者：
M. D. Marmol
通讯作者：
M. D. Marmol
1968 年菲律宾马荣火山喷发的 Nuées Ardentes
DOI：
--
发表时间：
1969
期刊：
影响因子：
--
作者：
J. Moore;W. Melson
通讯作者：
W. Melson
1933/34 年默拉皮的奥斯布鲁赫斯库鲁斯
DOI：
--
发表时间：
1935
期刊：
Die Naturwissenschaften
影响因子：
--
作者：
H. Reck
通讯作者：
H. Reck
日本西南部阿苏火山中岳富含炸弹的玄武岩火山碎屑流沉积物
DOI：
--
发表时间：
2006
期刊：
影响因子：
--
作者：
Y. Miyabuchi;Kazunori Watanabe;Y. Egawa
通讯作者：
Y. Egawa