Correlates of NNAL levels among nondaily and daily smokers in the college student population.
Correlates of NNAL levels among nondaily and daily smokers in the college student population.
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DOI：
10.2147/cbf.s34642
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发表时间：
2012-10-15
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Benowitz, Neal L
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Berg, Carla J;Schauer, Gillian L;Benowitz, Neal L
近年来，非日常吸烟人数的增加和日常吸烟人数的减少使得通过生物标志物测量来识别非日常吸烟者以及生物标志物水平与吸烟行为的关系成为重要的课题。然而，对于非日常吸烟者的生化鉴定和致癌物暴露知之甚少。一种烟草特有的亚硝胺，4-（甲基亚硝胺）-1-（3-吡啶基）-1-丁醇（NNAL），具有很长的半衰期，使其成为长期和间歇性烟草暴露的有用标志。因此，我们研究了非每日吸烟者和每日吸烟者尿液NNAL水平的相关性。方法：2011年，我们从美国东南部的64名吸烟者（37名非每日吸烟者，27名每日吸烟者）中获取尿液样本，并评估参与者的社会人口统计学、吸烟相关信息和其他烟草使用情况。我们的样本包括14名同时使用其他可燃烟草产品的参与者和8名同时使用无烟烟草的参与者。结果：在过去30年中仅吸烟一天的6名参与者中，有4名具有可检测的NNAL水平；因此，两名非日常吸烟者被排除在剩余的分析之外。在多变量分析中，吸烟日平均每天吸烟（B = 23.00, 95%可信区间[CI] 13.81, 32.20, P < 0.001）和无烟烟草使用天数（B = 17.11, CI 13.53, 20.70, P < 0.001）与非每天吸烟者的NNAL水平相关（R2 = 0.234）。多因素分析表明，每天平均吸烟（B = 15.83, CI 2.89, 28.76, P = 0.02）是每日吸烟者中NNAL水平的唯一显著相关。我们使用受试者工作特征（ROC）分析来确定81.6 pg/mL/g肌酐的潜在尿NNAL（肌酐归一化）临界值（敏感性88.9%，特异性80.0%），以区分非每日吸烟者和每日吸烟者。从这些分析中排除多烟草制品使用者提供了类似的结果。结论：NNAL水平在非日常吸烟者和日常吸烟者之间存在不同的相关性。尿液NNAL显示了在年轻人中用于区分非每日吸烟者和每日吸烟者的潜力。
INTRODUCTION: Recent simultaneous increases in nondaily smoking and decreases in daily smoking make the identification of nondaily smokers through biomarker measures as well as the relationship of biomarker levels to smoking behaviors important topics. However, little is known about biochemical identification and carcinogen exposure of nondaily smokers. One tobacco-specific nitrosamine, 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol (NNAL), has a long half-life, making it a useful marker for long-term and intermittent tobacco exposure. Thus, we examined correlates of urine NNAL levels among nondaily and daily smokers.METHODS: In 2011, we obtained urine samples from 64 current cigarette smokers (37 nondaily; 27 daily) in the Southeastern US and assessed participants' sociodemographics, smoking-related information, and other tobacco use. Our sample included 14 participants concurrently using other combustible tobacco products and eight concurrently using smokeless tobacco.RESULTS: Of six participants smoking for only one day in the past 30, four had detectable NNAL levels; thus, two nondaily smokers were excluded from the remainder of the analyses. In multivariate analysis, average cigarettes per day on smoking days (B = 23.00, 95% Confidence Interval [CI] 13.81, 32.20, P < 0.001) and number of days of smokeless tobacco use (B = 17.11, CI 13.53, 20.70, P < 0.001) were associated with NNAL levels among nondaily smokers (R2 = 0.234). Multivariate analysis indicated that average cigarettes per day (B = 15.83, CI 2.89, 28.76, P = 0.02) was the only significant correlate of NNAL levels among daily smokers. We used receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analyses to identify a potential urinary NNAL (normalized for creatinine) cutoff point of 81.6 pg/mL/g creatinine (88.9% sensitivity, 80.0% specificity) to discriminate nondaily from daily smokers. Excluding polytobacco-product users from these analyses provided similar results.CONCLUSION: Different correlates of NNAL levels exist among nondaily and daily cigarette smokers. Urine NNAL demonstrates the potential to be used to discriminate nondaily from daily smokers among young adults.