ADAPTIVE SHIFT AND DISPERSAL IN A TROPICAL ANT FAUNA
ADAPTIVE SHIFT AND DISPERSAL IN A TROPICAL ANT FAUNA
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热带蚂蚁区系的适应性转变和扩散
DOI：
10.1111/j.1558-5646.1959.tb02996.x
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发表时间：
1959
期刊：
影响因子：
3.3
通讯作者：
E. Wilson
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
E. Wilson
长期以来，热带地区一直被认为是陆地上进化活动最活跃的地区。在热带雨林中，最多的物种同时进化。越来越多的不同种类的证据也指出，热带雨林，特别是大陆和大岛屿的热带雨林，是大多数主要动植物群体进化的“中心”，这些群体在其物种历史的各个阶段最大限度地多样化，并往往从那里扩散到邻近的温带和干旱地区（理查兹，1952;达林顿，1957）。根据达林顿强调的理论，旧大陆的热带地区是脊椎动物主要的进化中心。成功的群体，实现了“一般适应”，将迁移物种从旧大陆的热带地区送到温带地区，在那里它们可能会二次多样化，并及时显示出它们自己的地带性和径向扩散。在现今的白令海峡地区，不时会发生动物群的漂移。跨越这一障碍的运动主要是从旧世界进入新世界。一旦迁移物种到达新大陆，就可能发生进一步的多样化;如果该群体的成员成功地渗透到新热带森林，这种情况就变得特别可能。普遍适应的本质和主要生物进化背后的扩散机制显然是现代进化理论的重大问题之一。看来我们的知识已经达到了这样一个阶段，可以而且应该对这些因果过程进行更精细的分析。需要一个“物种地理学”，它以地理学理论的广泛背景为导向，但在物种水平上绘制，并与生态学、物种形成和遗传学的研究相关联。在本文件中，一个这样的分析是试图在非常初步的形式，处理ponectianants 1的Melanoptera。这种动物群非常适合进行拟议中的研究。黑猩猩，包括新几内亚，已被证明是一个外围或“受体”动物地理和蚂蚁，即，大多数现存动物群最终来自东南亚和澳大利亚的移民，而相当少的以美拉尼西亚为中心的群体已经移民到这些邻近的来源地区。因此，可以想象，在它们第一次进入美拉尼西亚时的早期扩张阶段，可以区分出占主导地位的成功群体，并且可以研究更古老的居民元素，以拼凑入侵群体后来历史的细节。从理论上讲，这样就有可能从生态学上描述早期入侵群体的特征，并推断出有助于它们成功扩散的一些属性，简而言之，就是与一般适应有关的“成功属性”。
The tropics have long been recognized as the site of maximum evolutionary activity on land. In tropical rain forests, evolution proceeds simultaneously in the largest number of species. A growing amount of evidence of diverse kinds also points to the rain forests, particularly those of continents and the large islands, as the "center" of evolution of a majority of major animal and plant groups, where these groups have diversified maximally in various stages of their phyletic history and out of which they have tended to spread into adjacent temperate and arid regions (Richards, 1952; Darlington, 1957). According to the theory stressed by Darlington it is the Old World tropics specifically that form the principal evolutionary center of the vertebrates. Successful groups, achieving "general adaptation," send emigrant species out of the Old World tropics into temperate zones, where they may diversify secondarily and in time come to show zonation and radial dispersal of their own. From time to time faunal drift occurs across the region of the present-day Bering Straits. Movement across this barrier has been predominantly out of the Old World into the New. Once emigrant species reach the New World, further diversification may take place; this becomes especially probable if members of the group succeed in penetrating the Neotropical forests. The nature of general adaptation and the dispersal mechanisms underlying major biotic n-iovement is clearly one of the great problems of modern evolutionary theory. It appears that our knowledge has now reached the stage where finer analyses of these causal processes can and should be undertaken. There is a need for a "biogeography of the species," oriented with respect to the broad background of biogeographic theory but drawn at the species level and correlated with studies on ecology, speciation, and genetics. In the present paper one such analysis is attempted in very preliminary form, dealing with the ponerine ants 1 of Melanesia. This fauna is unusually suitable for a study of the kind proposed. Melanesia, including New Guinea, has proven to be a peripheral or "recipient" zoogeographic and for ants, i.e., most of the present fauna has been derived ultimately from immigrations from southeastern Asia and Australia, while proportionately few Melanesian-centered groups have emigrated into these adjacent source areas. Hence dominant, successful groups can conceivably be distinguished in their early stages of expansion as they first enter Melanesia, and older resident elements can be studied to piece together details of the later history of invading groups. Theoretically, it should then be possible to characterize the early invading groups ecologically and to infer some of the attributes that have contributed to their successful dispersal, in short, the "attributes of success" associated with general adaptation.