Socio-Economic Variation in Price Minimizing Behaviors: Findings from the International Tobacco Control (ITC) Four Country Survey
Socio-Economic Variation in Price Minimizing Behaviors: Findings from the International Tobacco Control (ITC) Four Country Survey
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DOI：
10.3390/ijerph8010234
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发表时间：
2011-01-01
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Cummings, K. Michael
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Licht, Andrea S.;Hyland, Andrew J.;Cummings, K. Michael
本文考察了社会经济地位（SES）如何通过利用多种价格最小化技术来调整吸烟者如何适应烟草制品价格的变化。数据来自国际烟草控制政策评价（ITC）四国调查，成年吸烟者的全国代表性样本，包括来自加拿大、美国、英国和澳大利亚的受访者。在2006年10月至2007年2月期间进行的调查中，对8,243名受访者（7,038名目前吸烟者）进行了横断面分析。分析调查了从低/免税来源购买的预测因素，使用折扣香烟或自己卷烟（RYO）烟草，购买纸盒香烟，以及在最后购买时参与高价格和避税。所有的分析都测试了与社会经济地位的相互作用，并对不断变化和代表性不足的人口统计学进行了加权。存在较高的价格和避税行为；8%的人表示从低税率或免税来源购买；36%的人使用折扣或仿制品牌，13.5%的人使用RYO烟草，29%的人购买纸盒，63%的人使用至少一种高价规避行为。被归类为社会经济地位较低的受访者报告使用低税率或免税来源的可能性约为26%，按纸盒购买烟草的可能性为43%。然而，与社会地位较高的受访者相比，低社会地位的受访者使用折扣品牌/RYO的可能性要高85%。总体而言，与经济地位较高的吸烟者相比，经济地位较低的吸烟者至少有一种或多种避税行为的可能性要高25%。价格和避税行为在所有经济地位阶层的吸烟者中相对普遍，但策略不同，高经济地位群体更有可能报告到低税收地区旅行以避免支付更高的价格，购买免税烟草，用纸箱而不是包装购买所有这些在低经济地位吸烟者中不太常见。由于低SES受访者更有可能使用的策略，减少折扣品牌和高档品牌之间的价格差异可能对他们产生更大的影响，潜在地增加了戒烟的可能性。
This paper examines how socio-economic status (SES) modifies how smokers adjust to changes in the price of tobacco products through utilization of multiple price minimizing techniques. Data come from the International Tobacco Control Policy Evaluation (ITC) Four Country Survey, nationally representative samples of adult smokers and includes respondents from Canada, the United States, the United Kingdom and Australia. Cross-sectional analyses were completed among 8,243 respondents (7,038 current smokers) from the survey wave conducted between October 2006 and February 2007. Analyses examined predictors of purchasing from low/untaxed sources, using discount cigarettes or roll-your-own (RYO) tobacco, purchasing cigarettes in cartons, and engaging in high levels of price and tax avoidance at last purchase. All analyses tested for interactions with SES and were weighted to account for changing and under-represented demographics. Relatively high levels of price and tax avoidance behaviors were present; 8% reported buying from low or untaxed source; 36% used discount or generic brands, 13.5% used RYO tobacco, 29% reported purchasing cartons, and 63% reported using at least one of these high price avoidance behaviors. Respondents categorized as having low SES were approximately 26% less likely to report using low or untaxed sources and 43% less likely to purchase tobacco by the carton. However, respondents with low SES were 85% more likely to report using discount brands/RYO compared to participants with higher SES. Overall, lower SES smokers were 25% more likely to engage in at least one or more tax avoidance behaviors compared to their higher SES counterparts. Price and tax avoidance behaviors are relatively common among smokers of all SES strata, but strategies differed with higher SES groups more likely to report traveling to a low-tax location to avoid paying higher prices, purchase duty free tobacco, and purchase by cartons instead of packs all of which were less commonly reported by low SES smokers. Because of the strategies lower SES respondents are more likely to use, reducing price differentials between discount and premium brands may have a greater impact on them, potentially increasing the likelihood of quitting.