Workers' Compensation, Federalism, and the Heavy Hand of History
Workers' Compensation, Federalism, and the Heavy Hand of History
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工人赔偿、联邦制和历史的高压
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发表时间：
2002
影响因子：
0.8
通讯作者：
Christopher Howard
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Christopher Howard
工人补偿是第一个在美国获得广泛接受的社会保险计划，因此成为现代美国福利国家的基础之一。该计划最初的名称是工人补偿。直到1970年代，“工人补偿”一词才变得普遍。我将在本文中使用这两个名字，这取决于上下文。大多数州在1911年至1920年期间通过了工人赔偿法，到1935年，除了两个州外，所有州都通过了。这一时代的另一项重大社会政策创新是母亲养恤金法，其目标是单身母亲的贫困子女。这些法律也在1910年代迅速传播，到1935年几乎在每个州都有了法律。虽然在新政之前，妇女的最低工资和最长工时法律也在许多州通过，但它们通常比工人的补偿或母亲的养老金更少受到学术界的关注。美国福利国家的主要历史。Berkowitz，America's Welfare State：From Roosevelt to Reagan（巴尔的摩：约翰霍普金斯大学出版社，1991）; Edward D. Berkowitz and Kim McQuaid，Creating the Welfare State：The Political Economy of Twentieth-Century改革革revised ed.（Lawrence：University Press of堪萨斯，1992）; Michael B.《在救济院的阴影下：美国福利的社会史》（纽约：基础书籍，1986年）;罗伊·卢博夫，《社会保障斗争，1900-1935年》，第2版。（1968年;匹兹堡：匹兹堡大学出版社，1986年;查尔斯·诺布尔，《我们所知道的福利：美国福利国家的政治史》（纽约：Oxford University Press，1997）; Theda Skocpol，Protecting Soldiers and Mothers：The Political Origins of Social Policy in the United States（剑桥，MA：哈佛佛大学出版社，1992）; Theda Skocpol，Social Policy in the United States：Future Possibility in Historical Perspective（Princeton：Princeton University Press，1995）; Walter I. Trattner，From Poor Law to Welfare State：A History of Social Welfare in America，6th ed.（纽约：Free Press，1999）; Margaret Weir，Ann Shola Orloff，and Theda Skocpol，eds. The Politics of Social Policy in the United States（Princeton：Princeton University Press，1988）.在世纪早期，一直承认工人的补偿和母亲的养老金的重要性，一些作者芭芭拉·纳尔逊，“早期福利政策和福利国家的性别、种族和阶级起源：工人补偿和母亲援助的比较”，载于路易丝·A.蒂利和帕特里夏·古林（纽约：罗素·塞奇基金会，1990年），第413- 435页。认为这两个计划在世纪的剩余时间里建立了社会保障的主要断层线--社会保险和公共援助之间，就业的男性工人和无薪母亲之间。
Workers' compensation was the first social insurance program to gain widespread acceptance in the United States, and as such became one of the foundations of the modern American welfare state.The original and more gendered name for this program was workmen's compensation. The term “workers' compensation” did not become common until the 1970s. I will use both names in this article, depending on the context. Most states passed workmen's compensation laws between 1911 and 1920, and all but two states did so by 1935. The other major social policy innovation of this era were mothers' pensions laws, which were targeted at the poor children of single mothers. These laws also spread rapidly in the 1910s and were on the books in virtually every state by 1935.Although minimum wage and maximum hours laws for women also passed in many states prior to the New Deal, they have generally received less scholarly attention than workmen's compensation or mothers' pensions. The major histories of the American welfare stateEdward D. Berkowitz, America's Welfare State: From Roosevelt to Reagan (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1991); Edward D. Berkowitz and Kim McQuaid, Creating the Welfare State: The Political Economy of Twentieth-Century Reform revised ed. (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1992); Michael B. Katz, In the Shadow of the Poorhouse: A Social History of Welfare in America (New York: Basic Books, 1986); Roy Lubove, The Struggle for Social Security, 1900–1935, 2nd ed. (1968; Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1986; Charles Noble, Welfare As We Knew It: A Political History of the American Welfare State (New York: Oxford University Press, 1997); Theda Skocpol, Protecting Soldiers and Mothers: The Political Origins of Social Policy in the United States (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1992); Theda Skocpol, Social Policy in the United States: Future Possibilities in Historical Perspective (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1995); Walter I. Trattner, From Poor Law to Welfare State: A History of Social Welfare in America, 6th ed. (New York: Free Press, 1999); Margaret Weir, Ann Shola Orloff, and Theda Skocpol, eds., The Politics of Social Policy in the United States (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1988). always acknowledge the importance of workmen's compensation and mothers' pensions in the early twentieth century, and some authorsBarbara J. Nelson, “The Gender, Race, and Class Origins of Early Welfare Policy and the Welfare State: A Comparison of Workmen's Compensation and Mothers' Aid,” in Women, Politics, and Change, ed. Louise A. Tilly and Patricia Gurin (New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 1990), 413–35. argue that these two programs established the major fault lines of social provision – between social insurance and public assistance, between employed male workers and unpaid mothers – for the rest of the century.