Life cycle assessments of consumer electronics — are they consistent?
Life cycle assessments of consumer electronics — are they consistent?
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消费电子产品的生命周期评估——它们是否一致？
DOI：
10.1007/s11367-010-0206-1
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发表时间：
2010
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
O. Andersen
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
A. Andrae;O. Andersen
背景、目的和范围在过去的几十年里，由于研究的深入和先进技术的发展，电子工业发生了巨大的变化。对消费电子产品的环境影响进行了多生命周期评估（LCA）研究。本综述的目的是评估针对台式电脑、笔记本电脑、移动电话和电视的不同LCA研究之间的一致性。材料与方法对LCA在消费电子领域的一些重要贡献进行了文献研究。重点主要是100年全球变暖潜势（GWP100）在不同生命周期阶段的效率，其次是每年标准化的一次能源使用/用电量，以发现不一致之处。结果多年来消费电子产品的生命周期影响评估GWP100结果表明，大多数研究的质量相当；然而，一些研究既不连贯也不透明。已发表的手机和电视机的lca是一致的，而对于笔记本电脑和台式电脑，研究偶尔会给出相互矛盾的信息。这种不一致的根源似乎是主观选择和不同的系统边界和寿命，而不是缺乏标准化。如果包括在内，六氟化硫（SF6）和三氟化氮（NF3）的排放量在使用液晶显示器（LCD）屏幕的台式机的各个生命周期阶段对GWP100至关重要。另一个重要的观察是MEEuP方法报告/工具低估了电子元件制造过程的GWP100。1997年至2010年间，ISO 14040/44标准确保了所研究产品的GWP100结果相当一致。然而，消费电子产品lca缺乏透明度有时会使基准测试变得困难。然而，可以将新的LCA计算与现有的研究进行比较。也有可能揭示哪些产品研究与子材料和子成分的研究相一致。在大多数情况下，消费电子产品的GWP100结果是一致的。根据对已发表作品的调查，回收和其他报废过程在消费电子产品GWP100总分中只占很小的份额。建议和观点如果可能的话，lca研究人员通常应该对其技术系统进行历史调查，以确定趋势、比例和关系。政策制定者在使用lca作为决策支持时，应该要求进行这些调查。为了理解结果的合理性，这个章程是必要的。将ISO14040/44 LCA标准添加到大批量产品中作为增加一致性的一种手段是值得的。
Background, aim, and scopeDuring the last decades, the electronics industry has undergone tremendous changes due to intense research leading to advanced technology development. Multiple life cycle assessment (LCA) studies have been performed on the environmental implications of consumer electronics. The aim of this review is to assess the consistency between different LCA studies for desktop computers, laptop computers, mobile phones and televisions (TVs).Materials and methodsA literature study was conducted covering some key LCA contributions to the consumer electronics field. The focus is primarily on global warming potential during 100 years (GWP100) efficiency in different life cycle phases and secondarily on primary energy usage/electricity usages which are normalised per year to find inconsistencies.ResultsThe life cycle impact assessment GWP100 results for consumer electronics over the years suggest that most studies are of comparable quality; however, some studies are neither coherent nor transparent. Published LCAs for mobile phone and TV sets are consistent, whereas for laptop and desktop computers, the studies occasionally give conflicting messages.DiscussionThe inconsistencies appear to be rooted in subjective choices and different system boundaries and lifetime, rather than lack of standardisation. If included, the amounts of emissions of sulphur hexafluoride (SF6) and nitrogen trifluoride (NF3) are crucial to the GWP100 in the various life cycle phases for a desktop using liquid crystal display (LCD) screen. Another important observation is that the MEEuP methodology report/tool underestimates the GWP100 of electronic component manufacturing processes.ConclusionsBetween 1997 and 2010, the ISO 14040/44 standards have ensured a rather consistent set of GWP100 results for the studied products. However, the lack of transparency for consumer electronics LCAs sometimes makes benchmarking difficult. It is nevertheless possible to compare new LCA calculations to existing studies. It is also possible to reveal which product studies are consistent with studies of submaterials and subcomponents. In most cases, the GWP100 results for consumer electronics are consistent. Based on the survey of published work, recycling and other end-of-life processes have a tiny share of the total GWP100 score for consumer electronics.Recommendations and perspectivesLCA researchers should as a rule, if possible, make a historical survey of their technical system to establish trends, proportions and relations. Policy makers ought to ask for these surveys when using LCAs for decision support. This charter is necessary as to understand the reasonableness of the results. Additions to the ISO14040/44 LCA standardisation for mass–volume products would be worthwhile as a means of increasing the consistency.