The healthy human microbiome.
The healthy human microbiome.
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DOI：
10.1186/s13073-016-0307-y
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发表时间：
2016-04-27
期刊：
影响因子：
12.3
通讯作者：
Huttenhower C
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Lloyd-Price J;Abu-Ali G;Huttenhower C
人类的基因组成实际上是相同的，但 DNA 中的微小差异却导致了人类巨大的表型多样性。相比之下，人类微生物组的宏基因组（居住在我们体内的微生物的 DNA 总含量）的可变性要大得多，在大多数健康个体中只发现了其组成基因的三分之一。因此，了解“健康微生物组”的这种变异性一直是微生物组研究的一项重大挑战，至少可以追溯到 20 世纪 60 年代，并一直持续到人类微生物组项目及以后。对支持健康的必要且充分的微生物组特征以及健康人群中这些特征的正常范围进行编目，是识别和纠正与疾病有关的微生物配置的重要的第一步。为了实现这一目标，几项人口规模的研究记录了健康人群微生物组中通常观察到的分类组成和功能潜力的范围和多样性，以及地理、饮食和生活方式等可能的驱动因素。在这里，我们回顾了已经出现的“健康微生物组”的几种定义、目前对健康微生物多样性范围的理解，以及分子功能的表征和未来需要解决的生态疗法的发展等差距。
Humans are virtually identical in their genetic makeup, yet the small differences in our DNA give rise to tremendous phenotypic diversity across the human population. By contrast, the metagenome of the human microbiome—the total DNA content of microbes inhabiting our bodies—is quite a bit more variable, with only a third of its constituent genes found in a majority of healthy individuals. Understanding this variability in the “healthy microbiome” has thus been a major challenge in microbiome research, dating back at least to the 1960s, continuing through the Human Microbiome Project and beyond. Cataloguing the necessary and sufficient sets of microbiome features that support health, and the normal ranges of these features in healthy populations, is an essential first step to identifying and correcting microbial configurations that are implicated in disease. Toward this goal, several population-scale studies have documented the ranges and diversity of both taxonomic compositions and functional potentials normally observed in the microbiomes of healthy populations, along with possible driving factors such as geography, diet, and lifestyle. Here, we review several definitions of a ‘healthy microbiome’ that have emerged, the current understanding of the ranges of healthy microbial diversity, and gaps such as the characterization of molecular function and the development of ecological therapies to be addressed in the future.