Incentives for International Migration of Scientists and Engineers to Japan
Incentives for International Migration of Scientists and Engineers to Japan
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科学家和工程师国际移民日本的激励措施
DOI：
10.1111/j.1468-2435.2009.00564.x
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发表时间：
2009
影响因子：
1.9
通讯作者：
Y. Murakami
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Y. Murakami
许多发达国家都欢迎外来人才，日本也不例外。日本政府制定了扩大在专业和技术领域接受外国劳工的方案，以便在全球经济中与外国竞争，并适应高度专业化的国内工业结构。本文关注的是科学家和工程师（S&E）作为高技能劳动力的组成部分，并研究了他们移民到日本的动机，日本是世界上技术最先进的国家之一。根据2004年进行的一项调查，在日本工作的大多数科技人员是从亚洲国家移民过来的，其中许多人在日本获得了博士学位，并继续留在日本工作。鼓励移民的主要因素是日本的高水平科学技术、获得尖端知识的机会，以及在一个预算庞大、设备和设施优越、人力资源优质的环境中提高绩效的前景。特别是，与日本相比，技术差距较大的国家的技术环境对科技企业的影响较大。然而，这并不意味着S&E对金钱奖励漠不关心。在传统的经济理论中，工资差距被认为是国际流动性的一个主要因素，也被证明是一个重要的激励因素，特别是对于来自人均国内生产总值（GDP）与日本相比差距很大的国家的科技企业。此外，日本的文化和社会方面主要吸引年轻的科技人才。日本文化的吸引力、学习日语的机会以及建立个人联系网络的机会都是移民的重要动机。本研究提出了一些政策启示的国家竞争能力的科技。
Many developed countries, welcome foreign talent, and Japan is no exception. The Japanese government has developed programmes for expanding the acceptance of foreign labour in specialized and technical fields, in order to compete with foreign nations in the global economy and accommodate the highly specialized domestic industrial structure. This paper focuses on scientists and engineers (S&E) as a component of the highly skilled labour force, and examines their incentives for migrating to Japan, which is one of the most technologically advanced countries in the world. According to a survey conducted in 2004, the majority of S&E working in Japan migrated from Asian nations, and many obtained their doctoral degrees in Japan and continued to stay in the country to work. Key incentives for migration are Japan’s high level of science and technology, opportunities to acquire cutting-edge knowledge, and prospects for improving performance in an environment with large budgets, superior equipment and facilities, and good quality human resources. In particular, the technological environment is influential for S&E from countries with a significant technological gap when compared with Japan. However, this does not mean that S&E are indifferent to monetary rewards. The salary gap, which is considered to be a major factor in international mobility in to traditional economic theory, has also proven to be a significant incentive, particularly for S&E from countries where the gap in gross domestic product (GDP) per capita compared with Japan is large. In addition, cultural and social aspects of Japan attract mainly young S&E. The attractiveness of Japanese culture, opportunities to learn the Japanese language, and chances to build a network of personal contacts are important incentives for migration. This study presents some policy implications for countries competing over capable S&E.