:Revolution and Environment in Southern France, 1780–1830: Peasants, Lords, and Murder in the Corbières
:Revolution and Environment in Southern France, 1780–1830: Peasants, Lords, and Murder in the Corbières
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: 法国南部的革命与环境，1780-1830 年：农民、贵族和科比埃的谋杀
DOI：
10.1086/343426
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发表时间：
2002
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
Ted W. Margadant
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Ted W. Margadant
这本简洁而优雅的书通过深入分析法国大革命对下埃克塞特一个被称为Corbieres的小地区的影响，探讨了法国农村历史上的重要问题。基于深入的档案研究，它提出了一个有说服力的理由，即在这个由小村庄和大片荒地组成的丘陵国家，农民对他们的领主有着长期的不满，这解释了为什么他们欢迎法国大革命。与乔治·列费夫尔和约翰·马科夫一样，彼得·麦克菲详细地证明了一场真正的农民革命，这场革命涉及到当地对领主财产权的长期抵抗，直到1793年才被法律镇压。在反对领主制的社会斗争中，社区团结一致，在这种背景下，科尔比埃的那些村庄很少发生宗教冲突，那里的大多数牧师都进行了神职人员的宪法宣誓。麦克菲同情地描述了该地区的共和党行政人员，当与西班牙的战争爆发时，他们成功地动员了许多当地志愿者，尽管这些农民新兵不愿意下到平原上与西班牙军队直接作战。通过从地区城镇受过教育的官员以及那些村庄的农民的角度叙述革命期间科尔比埃发生的事件，他对政治文化进行了平衡的描述，其特征是“务实的共和主义，主要是对领主政权的敌视”（第117页）。麦克菲的研究在分析革命对Corbieres的环境影响方面开辟了新的天地。麦克菲将当地关于土地使用的争议追溯到旧政权，当时农民们对领主对驻军的专有财产权提出的法律的要求提出异议。与同时代人的观点不同，他们指责农民对所有土地的清除增加了米迪高地（如Corbieres）土壤侵蚀的风险，他强调了旧政权最后几十年鼓励土地清除的皇家法令与农民清除以前用作大群牧场的驻军之间的连续性
This concise and elegant book engages important issues in the history of rural France by analyzing in depth the impact of the French Revolution on a small region of lower Languedoc known as the Corbieres. Based on deep archival research, it makes a persuasive case that peasants in this hilly country of small villages and extensive wastelands, or garrigues, had long-standing grievances against their seigneurs that explain why they welcomed the French Revolution. Like Georges Lefebvre and John Markoff, Peter McPhee presents detailed evidence of an authentic peasant revolution involving protracted local resistance to seigneurial property rights that were not legally suppressed until 1793. Against this background of community solidarity in the social struggle against seigneurialism, religious conflicts were rare in the villages of the Corbieres, where most of the priests took the constitutional oath of the clergy. McPhee gives a sympathetic portrait of Republican administrators in the area, who succeeded in mobilizing many local volunteers when war with Spain broke out, although these peasant recruits were reluctant to descend into the plains for direct combat against the Spanish army. By narrating events in the Corbieres during the Revolution from the perspective of educated officials in the district towns as well as peasants in the villages, he gives a balanced account of a political culture characterized by “pragmatic republicanism primarily hostile to the seigneurial regime”(p. 117). McPhee’s study breaks new ground in its analysis of the environmental impact of the Revolution on the Corbieres. McPhee traces local controversies over land use back to the old regime, when peasants disputed the legal claims of their lords to exclusive property rights over the garrigues. Departing from the views of contemporaries who blamed peasants for all the land clearances that increased the risk of soil erosion in uplands of the Midi such as the Corbieres, he emphasizes the continuity between royal edicts that encouraged land clearances in the last decades of the old regime and peasant clearances of the garrigues that had previously been used as pasturage for large flocks