Wind turbines cause functional habitat loss for migratory soaring birds
Wind turbines cause functional habitat loss for migratory soaring birds
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DOI：
10.1111/1365-2656.12961
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发表时间：
2020-01-01
影响因子：
4.8
通讯作者：
Silva, Joao P.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Marques, Ana T.;Santos, Carlos D.;Silva, Joao P.
为实现减缓气候变化的目标，风能生产已经扩大，但据报道，风力涡轮机对野生动物产生了负面影响。飞翔的鸟类是受影响最严重的群体之一，与风力涡轮机相撞的死亡率令人震惊，而且它们的迁徙走廊不断被占领。这些鸟类被描述为改变它们的飞行轨迹以避开风力涡轮机，但这种行为可能导致功能性栖息地的丧失，因为风力涡轮机附近合适的翱翔区域可能未得到充分利用。我们模拟了风力涡轮机对GPS跟踪的黑鸢（Milvus migrans）的位移效应。我们还通过估计风力涡轮机损失了多少合适的飙升区域来评估这种效应在景观规模上的影响。我们使用最先进的跟踪装置，在直布罗陀的迁徙瓶颈处，监测了130只黑鸢在风力涡轮机密集地区的活动。利用动态布朗桥运动模型从GPS数据绘制鸟类景观，广义加法混合建模被用来估计风涡轮机接近鸟类使用的影响，同时占地形和热隆起的可用性。我们发现，距离涡轮机约674 m的区域使用量低于预期，因为它们具有隆起潜力。在这个距离阈值内，鸟类的使用随着风力涡轮机的接近而减少。我们估计风力涡轮机的足迹影响了我们研究区域中3%-14%的适合翱翔的区域。我们提出的证据表明，风能产业对翱翔鸟类的影响比以前承认的要大。除了常见的死亡报告，避免涡轮机的翱翔鸟类造成栖息地损失，在他们的运动走廊。当局应该认识到风能生产的进一步影响，并制定新的法规，保护飙升的栖息地。我们还表明，可以使用公开的数据以精细的尺度模拟鸟类的栖息地。这种方法可用于规划新风能开发中涡轮机的低影响放置。
Wind energy production has expanded to meet climate change mitigation goals, but negative impacts of wind turbines have been reported on wildlife. Soaring birds are among the most affected groups with alarming fatality rates by collision with wind turbines and an escalating occupation of their migratory corridors. These birds have been described as changing their flight trajectories to avoid wind turbines, but this behaviour may lead to functional habitat loss, as suitable soaring areas in the proximity of wind turbines will likely be underused. We modelled the displacement effect of wind turbines on black kites (Milvus migrans) tracked by GPS. We also evaluated the impact of this effect at the scale of the landscape by estimating how much suitable soaring area was lost to wind turbines. We used state-of-the-art tracking devices to monitor the movements of 130 black kites in an area populated by wind turbines, at the migratory bottleneck of the Strait of Gibraltar. Landscape use by birds was mapped from GPS data using dynamic Brownian bridge movement models, and generalized additive mixed modelling was used to estimate the effect of wind turbine proximity on bird use while accounting for orographic and thermal uplift availability. We found that areas up to approximately 674 m away from the turbines were less used than expected given their uplift potential. Within that distance threshold, bird use decreased with the proximity to wind turbines. We estimated that the footprint of wind turbines affected 3%-14% of the areas suitable for soaring in our study area. We present evidence that the impacts of wind energy industry on soaring birds are greater than previously acknowledged. In addition to the commonly reported fatalities, the avoidance of turbines by soaring birds causes habitat losses in their movement corridors. Authorities should recognize this further impact of wind energy production and establish new regulations that protect soaring habitat. We also showed that soaring habitat for birds can be modelled at a fine scale using publicly available data. Such an approach can be used to plan low-impact placement of turbines in new wind energy developments.