Windborne long-distance migration of malaria mosquitoes in the Sahel
Windborne long-distance migration of malaria mosquitoes in the Sahel
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DOI：
10.1038/s41586-019-1622-4
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发表时间：
2019-10-17
期刊：
影响因子：
64.8
通讯作者：
Lehmann, Tovi
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Huestis, Diana L.;Dao, Adama;Lehmann, Tovi
在过去二十年中，控制疟疾的努力使全球病例数减少了一半，但非洲大部分地区的负担仍然很重，即使在南非等持续极端减少的地区，也没有实现消除疟疾的目标（1、2）。研究试图了解疟疾在一年中3-8个月没有地表水的地区的矛盾持续性，这些研究表明，某些种类的按蚊使用长距离迁移（3）。在这里，我们证实了这一假设，通过空中采样的蚊子在40-290米以上的地面水平，并提供-据我们所知-非洲疟疾病媒的风媒迁移的第一个证据，因此，他们传播的病原体。在马里萨赫勒地区的617次夜间空中采集中，在捕获的235只按蚊中确定了10个物种，包括主要疟疾媒介按蚊科卢兹。值得注意的是，女性占我们收集的所有蚊子的80%以上。其中，90%的人在迁徙前吃过血，这意味着病原体可能是由迁徙的雌性动物长距离运输的。捕获按蚊物种的可能性随着海拔高度（地面以上的采样面板的高度）和在雨季增加，但年与地区之间的变化是最小的。蚊子飞行的模拟轨迹表明，将有平均夜间位移高达300公里的9小时的飞行时间。每年，在垂直于盛行风向的100公里线上，估计有81，000只冈比亚按蚊（Anopheles gambiae sensu stricto）、600万只A. coluzzii和4400万的按蚊squamosus。这些结果提供了令人信服的证据，证明以前以血液为食的数百万疟疾病媒经常迁移数百公里，因此几乎可以肯定会在这些距离内传播疟疾。因此，能否成功消灭疟疾可能取决于能否查明和控制移行病媒的来源。
Over the past two decades efforts to control malaria have halved the number of cases globally, yet burdens remain high in much of Africa and the elimination of malaria has not been achieved even in areas where extreme reductions have been sustained, such as South Africa(1,2). Studies seeking to understand the paradoxical persistence of malaria in areas in which surface water is absent for 3-8 months of the year have suggested that some species of Anopheles mosquito use long-distance migration(3). Here we confirm this hypothesis through aerial sampling of mosquitoes at 40-290 m above ground level and provide-to our knowledge-the first evidence of windborne migration of African malaria vectors, and consequently of the pathogens that they transmit. Ten species, including the primary malaria vector Anopheles coluzzii, were identified among 235 anopheline mosquitoes that were captured during 617 nocturnal aerial collections in the Sahel of Mali. Notably, females accounted for more than 80% of all of the mosquitoes that we collected. Of these, 90% had taken a blood meal before their migration, which implies that pathogens are probably transported over long distances by migrating females. The likelihood of capturing Anopheles species increased with altitude (the height of the sampling panel above ground level) and during the wet seasons, but variation between years and localities was minimal. Simulated trajectories of mosquito flights indicated that there would be mean nightly displacements of up to 300 km for 9-h flight durations. Annually, the estimated numbers of mosquitoes at altitude that cross a 100-km line perpendicular to the prevailing wind direction included 81,000 Anopheles gambiae sensu stricto, 6 million A. coluzzii and 44 million Anopheles squamosus. These results provide compelling evidence that millions of malaria vectors that have previously fed on blood frequently migrate over hundreds of kilometres, and thus almost certainly spread malaria over these distances. The successful elimination of malaria may therefore depend on whether the sources of migrant vectors can be identified and controlled.