The contribution of hypersalience to the "jumping to conclusions" bias associated with delusions in schizophrenia
The contribution of hypersalience to the "jumping to conclusions" bias associated with delusions in schizophrenia
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DOI：
10.1503/jpn.090025
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发表时间：
2010-01-01
影响因子：
4.3
通讯作者：
Woodward, Todd S.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Speechley, William J.;Whitman, Jennifer C.;Woodward, Todd S.
背景：先前涉及“珠子任务”的精神分裂症研究表明，妄想与两种推理偏差之间存在关联：(1)“过早下结论”（JTC），即在很少证据的基础上形成早期果断的决定；(2)在单个不确定证据的情况下过度调整概率估计。在当前的研究中，我们使用了一种新颖的jtc风格的范式来提供关于这两种推理偏差共同的认知操作的新信息。方法：使用一项任务，要求参与者评估渔民从a湖而不是B湖捕获一系列黑色或白色鱼的可能性，反之亦然，当我们操纵贝叶斯公式的两个元素时，我们比较了四组（健康，双相，非妄想性精神分裂症和妄想性精神分裂症）的反应：输入数据和先验赔率。结果：不管我们对贝叶斯公式的操作如何，妄想性精神分裂症组对与呈现的鱼的颜色最匹配的湖泊给出了显著更高的可能性评级，但对不匹配的湖泊的评级与其他组没有区别。局限性：本研究的局限性包括严重妄想患者组的样本量小，精神分裂症样本中男性占优势。结论：精神分裂症患者妄想与证据假设匹配度高、非匹配度正常相关。当输入数据的颜色是一致的（只有一种颜色的鱼）时，这表现为序列早期的JTC，当输入数据的颜色变化时（黑色和白色的鱼），这表现为序列中期的过度调整。这种解释可以为先前在精神分裂症的珠子任务中观察到的妄想相关表现模式提供统一的解释。
Background: Previous schizophrenia research involving the "beads task" has suggested an association between delusions and 2 reasoning biases: (1) "jumping to conclusions" (JTC), whereby early, resolute decisions are formed on the basis of little evidence and (2) over adjustment of probability estimates following a single instance of disconfirmatory evidence. In the current study, we used a novel JTC-style paradigm to provide new information about a cognitive operation common to these 2 reasoning biases. Methods: Using a task that required participants to rate the likelihood that a fisherman was catching a series of black or white fish from Lake A and not Lake B, and vice versa, we compared the responses of 4 groups (healthy, bipolar, nondelusional schizophrenia and delusional schizophrenia) when we manipulated 2 elements of the Bayesian formula: incoming data and prior odds. Results: Regardless of our manipulations of the Bayesian formula, the delusional schizophrenia group gave significantly higher likelihood ratings for the lake that best matched the colour of the presented fish, but the ratings for the nonmatching lake did not differ from the other groups. Limitations: The limitations of this study include a small sample size for the group of severely delusional patients and a preponderance of men in the schizophrenia sample. Conclusion: Delusions in schizophrenia are associated with hypersalience of evidence-hypothesis matches but normal salience of nonmatches. When the colour of the incoming data is uniform (fish of only one colour), this manifests as JTC early in a series, and when the colour of incoming data varies (both black and white fish), this manifests as an overadjustment midseries. This account can provide a unifying explanation for delusion-associated performance patterns previously observed in the beads task in schizophrenia.