The consequence of fetal ethanol exposure and adolescent odor re-exposure on the response to ethanol odor in adolescent and adult rats
The consequence of fetal ethanol exposure and adolescent odor re-exposure on the response to ethanol odor in adolescent and adult rats
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DOI：
10.1186/1744-9081-5-3
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发表时间：
2009-01-15
影响因子：
5.1
通讯作者：
Youngentob, Steven L.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Eade, Amber M.;Sheehe, Paul R.;Youngentob, Steven L.
背景：胎儿乙醇暴露与青少年使用乙醇的可能性之间存在流行病学预测关系。此外，第一次经历的年龄与成人虐待的可能性之间存在反比关系。是否以及如何产前和青少年酒精经验的综合影响有助于这种渐进模式仍不清楚。胎儿乙醇暴露直接改变乙醇的气味属性，这对乙醇气味偏好行为和乙醇味道感知都很重要。这些影响只会持续到青春期。本研究考察了青少年乙醇气味再暴露是否增强了胎儿对青少年乙醇气味行为反应的影响；和/或（实验2）将先前观察到的青少年行为和神经生理反应延续到成年期。方法：孕鼠分别饲喂乙醇和对照液体饲料。后代（观察者）在青春期通过与同伴（示范者）的社会互动体验到乙醇气味，同伴（示范者）接受1.5 g/kg乙醇或水的灌胃。社会互动是根据观察者跟随演示者的频率来打分的。全身体积脉搏图评估了青少年（P37）或成年（P90）观察者对乙醇气味的无条件行为反应。成人的嗅觉上皮也被检查其神经反应的五种气味，包括乙醇。结果：实验1：相对于胎儿或青少年单独暴露，青少年再暴露增强了P37动物对乙醇气味的行为反应。与没有乙醇经验的动物相比，接受单一经验的大鼠（胎儿或青少年）表现出增强的，但相同的乙醇气味反应。胎儿酒精体验也增加了醉酒同伴的嗅觉引导跟随。实验2：联合暴露只在成年雌性中产生持续的行为效应。我们没有发现任何证据表明这种神经生理效应在两性中持续存在。结论：胎儿乙醇暴露在一定程度上通过促进与醉酒同伴的互动影响青少年的再暴露。随后，在出现滥用模式的关键发育转换点，再次暴露增强了乙醇气味反应。虽然行为影响的持久性发生在女性身上，但在两性中一致产生持久性所必需的再暴露水平仍然未知。尽管如此，这些结果强调了胎儿和青少年经历之间的重要关系，这似乎对发展为酒精滥用的渐进模式至关重要。
Background: An epidemiologic predictive relationship exists between fetal ethanol exposure and the likelihood for adolescent use. Further, an inverse relationship exists between the age of first experience and the probability of adult abuse. Whether and how the combined effects of prenatal and adolescent ethanol experiences contribute to this progressive pattern remains unknown. Fetal ethanol exposure directly changes the odor attributes of ethanol important for both ethanol odor preference behavior and ethanol flavor perception. These effects persist only to adolescence. Here we tested whether adolescent ethanol odor re-exposure: (Experiment 1) augments the fetal effect on the adolescent behavioral response to ethanol odor; and/or (Experiment 2) perpetuates previously observed adolescent behavioral and neurophysiological responses into adulthood.Methods: Pregnant rats received either an ethanol or control liquid diet. Progeny (observers) experienced ethanol odor in adolescence via social interaction with a peer (demonstrators) that received an intragastric infusion of either 1.5 g/kg ethanol or water. Social interactions were scored for the frequency that observers followed their demonstrator. Whole-body plethysmography evaluated the unconditioned behavioral response of observers to ethanol odor in adolescence (P37) or adulthood (P90). The olfactory epithelium of adults was also examined for its neural response to five odorants, including ethanol.Results: Experiment 1: Relative to fetal or adolescent exposure alone, adolescent re-exposure enhanced the behavioral response to ethanol odor in P37 animals. Compared to animals with no ethanol experience, rats receiving a single experience (fetal or adolescent) show an enhanced, yet equivalent, ethanol odor response. Fetal ethanol experience also increased olfactory-guided following of an intoxicated peer. Experiment 2: Combined exposure yielded persistence of the behavioral effects only in adult females. We found no evidence for persistence of neurophysiological effects in either sex.Conclusion: Fetal ethanol exposure influences adolescent re-exposure, in part, by promoting interactions with intoxicated peers. Re-exposure subsequently enhances ethanol odor responsivity during a key developmental transition point for emergent abuse patterns. While persistence of behavioral effects occurred in females, the level of re-exposure necessary to uniformly yield persistence in both sexes remains unknown. Nonetheless, these results highlight an important relationship between fetal and adolescent experiences that appears essential to the progressive pattern of developing ethanol abuse.