The past, the present, and the future of flipped teaching
The past, the present, and the future of flipped teaching
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翻转教学的过去、现在和未来
DOI：
10.1152/advan.00016.2022
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发表时间：
2022
影响因子：
2.1
通讯作者：
Hackmann, Elizabeth
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Gopalan, Chaya;Daughrity, Sheyenne;Hackmann, Elizabeth
说教式讲座是传统的教学方法，将信息从教师传递给学生，学生很少互动(1)。在资源有限、技术匮乏、学生无法独立获取知识的情况下，它是有效的；他们依靠教授来获取信息。另一方面，翻转学习是建立在这样一种观念之上的，即学生首先在自己的个人学习空间中复习内容，然后按照Bloom的分类法(2)，在教师的指导下对概念进行应用和分析。在翻转教学法中，教师提供学习工具，如导读、讲座视频、讲座幻灯片和习题，以确保学生自己学习概念（3,4）。有意的学生参与活动是为接下来的小组会议而设计的，在小组会议中，教师和同学们会多次回顾内容，以便在更深层次上掌握、应用和理解所分配的内容。在当前技术和资源充足的情况下，当大流行迫使课程以远程形式举行时，翻转教学设计是实用的（5-8）。在2019冠状病毒病大流行期间，翻转教学方法变得尤为突出，特别是在促进从面对面教学到远程教学的过渡方面（8-10）。越来越多的机构将翻转教学作为未来的教学方法，如迈阿密大学（11）；土耳其伊斯坦布尔MEF大学（12）；和墨西哥墨西哥城的阿纳瓦克大学（13），仅举几例。其他人也在追随这一趋势。沙特阿拉伯的Almaarefa大学为其教师提供全系翻转教学培训。在接下来的章节中，我们将反思翻转教学的起源，今天如何利用翻转教学，以及翻转教学在未来高等教育中的作用。
The didactic lecture has been the traditional teaching approach to transfer information from the teacher to the students, where students experience little interaction (1). It was effective when the resources were limited, technology was scarce, and students had no independent access to knowledge; they depended on their professors to acquire information. Flipped learning, on the other hand, is built on the notion that students would review the content first in their own individual learning spaces and the application and analysis of the concepts occur under the guidance of the instructor as described in Bloom’s taxonomy (2). In the flipped teaching method, the instructor provides learning tools such as guided readings, lecture videos, lecture slides, and practice problems to ensure that students learn the concepts on their own (3, 4). Intentional student-engaging activities are designed for the group sessions that follow next, where the content is revisited in the presence of the instructor and peers multiple times to master, apply, and understand the assigned content at a deeper level. The flipped instructional design is practical in the current situation where technology and resources are plentiful and when the pandemic forced courses to be held in the remote format (5–8). The flipped teaching method became prominent throughout the COVID-19 pandemic, especially in easing the transition from face-to-face to remote teaching and learning (8–10). More institutions have adapted flipped teaching as the method of the future, such as the University of Miami (11); MEF University in Istanbul, Turkey (12); and Anahuac University in Mexico City, Mexico (13), to mention a few. Others have been following this trend. Almaarefa University in Saudi Arabia offers department-wide flipped teaching training to its faculty. In the following sections, we reflect on the origin of flipped teaching, how it is utilized today, and the role of flipped teaching in the future of higher education.
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