History and prospects of hybrid rice development outside of China
History and prospects of hybrid rice development outside of China
复制标题
DOI：
10.1360/n972016-01018
复制
发表时间：
2016-10
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Fangming Xie;S. Peng
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Fangming Xie;S. Peng
增加水稻产量一直是亚洲国家的首要任务。自1970年代以来，杂交水稻的研究和开发为全球粮食安全作出了重大贡献。受中国成功的启发，许多国家，特别是南亚和东南亚国家，从20世纪80年代开始通过引进、采用和本地化开始了杂交水稻计划。目前，全世界每年大约生产2 000万公顷杂交水稻，其中包括中国以外的640万公顷，主要是在南亚和东南亚国家。自2000年代以来，美利坚合众国也成为一个重要的杂交水稻种植国。不同的国家采用不同的技术开发和采用方法和模式。杂交水稻的种植面积每年波动取决于技术采用，种子供应，天气和政府政策。杂交水稻在主要水稻生产国的采用率仍然很低，这为进一步发展留下了巨大的潜力。在热带地区采用杂交水稻的主要限制因素是杂交优势水平低、种子价格高和质量差、与高垩白和低整精米产量相关的碾磨增益质量差、对主要害虫的抗性低、对农民的教育不足和政府政策不稳定。近年来，稻米品质改良的进展使杂交水稻更容易为农民和消费者所接受。国际水稻研究所在热带杂交水稻的广泛研究、品种选育和推广、培训和技术推广等方面发挥了重要作用。半矮秆水稻品种的应用，即所谓的绿色革命，大大提高了亚洲的水稻产量。然而，半矮秆种质的普遍适应性来源于单一的种质来源--种质的退化，这也可能导致种质多样性的降低，从而导致杂种优势的减弱，这可能是温带地区水稻产量杂种优势较低的主要原因之一。杂交玉米杂种优势群的概念和实践在杂交水稻育种中尚未得到应用。公共研究所和种子行业协会最近取得的进展对投资者都有利，并将支持杂交水稻未来的可持续发展。新的挑战，如文化习俗，气候变化，市场需求，知识产权管理和基因转化技术的应用，需要科学家，农民，政策制定者，公共机构和种子行业之间的密切合作。
Increasing rice production has always been a top priority in Asian countries. The research and development of hybrid rice has contributed significantly to global food security since the 1970s. Inspired by China’s success, many countries, specifically the South and South-East Asian countries, have started hybrid rice programs through introduction, adoption, and localization from the 1980s. Currently, about 20 million hectares of hybrid rice are being produced annually in the world, including 6.4 million hectares outside of China, mostly in the South and South-East Asian countries. The United States of America also became an important hybrid rice growing country since the 2000s. Different countries used various approaches and patterns of technology development and adoption. Planting areas of hybrid rice fluctuated yearly depending on technical adoption, seed supply, weather, and government policies. Adoption rates of hybrid rice in the major rice-producing countries are still low, which leaves great potential for further development. The main constraints for hybrid rice adoption in the tropics are low levels of hybrid heterosis, high price and lower quality of seeds, poor milling gain quality associated with high chalkiness and low head rice yield, low resistance to major pests, and poor education to farmers and unstable government policies. Recent progress of grain quality improvement made hybrid rice more acceptable by farmers and rice consumers. International Rice Research Institute has been playing a significant role in the development of tropical hybrid rice including extensive research, variety breeding and releasing, training and technology extension. Application of semi-dwarf rice varieties, so called the green revolution, has significantly increased rice production in Asia. Unfortunately, the common adaption of semi-dwarf germplasm originated from one source- germplasm homogenesis—might have also contributed to the reduction of germplasm diversity which makes less hybrid vigor and could be one of the main causes for low yield heterosis compared to the hybrid rice in the temperate regions. The concept and practice of heterotic grouping used in hybrid corn have not been applied to hybrid rice development. Recent progress made from the association of public institutes and seed industry has been beneficial to both investors and will support for the sustainable growth of hybrid rice in the future. New challenges such as cultural practices, climate change, market demand, management of intellectual property, and the application of gene transformation technologies require a close collaboration among scientists, farmers, policy-makers, public institutes, and the seed industry.