Intrinsic association between diet and the gut microbiome: current evidence.
Intrinsic association between diet and the gut microbiome: current evidence.
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DOI：
10.2147/nds.s62362
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发表时间：
2015
影响因子：
1.5
通讯作者：
Fodor AA
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Winglee K;Fodor AA
肠道微生物组对人类宿主起着许多关键作用，但宿主、微生物和饮食相互作用以介导健康和疾病的分子机制才刚刚开始被揭示。在这里，我们回顾了有关饮食变化如何影响微生物组的文献。许多研究表明，在一个地理区域内，不同的饮食（如素食者与杂食者）与少量分类群的差异有关，但并不能可靠地在肠道微生物群落中产生根本性的差异。相比之下，跨大陆的研究始终发现西化和传统人群之间存在着深刻不同的微生物群落，尽管目前尚不清楚饮食或生活方式的其他差异在多大程度上驱动了这些不同的微生物群落结构。此外，将受试者置于受控短期实验饮食的研究发现，肠道微生物群落的变化范围通常很小，变化不会克服微生物群落结构的初始个体差异。这些结果强调了人类肠道微生物群落随着时间的推移是相对稳定的。相反，饮食的短期变化会导致代谢物谱的巨大变化，包括肠道微生物群落加工的代谢物。这些结果表明，肠道微生物具有很大的遗传可塑性，可以激活不同的代谢途径，而不依赖于微生物群落组成的变化。因此，未来关于饮食如何通过微生物组影响宿主健康的研究可能希望专注于功能测定，如转录组学和代谢组学，以及16S rRNA和DNA的全基因组宏基因组鸟枪分析。两者合计，文献是最一致的模型，其中成人肠道微生物群落的组成经历了适度的组成变化，以响应改变饮食，但仍然可以非常迅速地响应饮食变化，通过上调或下调代谢途径，可以有深远的和直接的后果宿主的健康。
The gut microbiome performs many crucial functions for the human host, but the molecular mechanisms by which host, microbe and diet interact to mediate health and disease are only starting to be revealed. Here we review the literature on how changes in the diet affect the microbiome. A number of studies have shown that within a geographic region, different diets (such as vegan vs. omnivore) are associated with differences in a modest number of taxa but do not reliably produce radical differences within the gut microbial community. In contrast, studies that look across continents consistently find profoundly different microbial communities between Westernized and traditional populations, although it remains unclear to what extent diet or other differences in lifestyle drive these distinct microbial community structures. Furthermore, studies that place subjects on controlled short term experimental diets have found the resulting alterations to the gut microbial community to generally be small in scope, with changes that do not overcome initial individual differences in microbial community structure. These results emphasize that the human gut microbial community is relatively stable over time. In contrast, short term changes in diet can cause large changes in metabolite profiles, including metabolites processed by the gut microbial community. These results suggest that commensal gut microbes have a great deal of genetic plasticity and can activate different metabolic pathways independent of changes to microbial community composition. Thus, future studies of the how diet impacts host health via the microbiome may wish to focus on functional assays such as transcriptomics and metabolomics, in addition to 16S rRNA and whole-genome metagenome shotgun analyses of DNA. Taken together, the literature is most consistent with a model in which the composition of the adult gut microbial community undergoes modest compositional changes in response to altered diet but can nonetheless respond very rapidly to dietary changes via up- or down-regulation of metabolic pathways that can have profound and immediate consequences for host health.