THE DEVELOPMENT OF CATEGORY-BASED INDUCTION
THE DEVELOPMENT OF CATEGORY-BASED INDUCTION
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DOI：
10.1111/j.1467-8624.1992.tb01681.x
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发表时间：
1992-10-01
影响因子：
4.6
通讯作者：
SMITH, EE
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
LOPEZ, A;GELMAN, SA;SMITH, EE
在基于类别的归纳中，知道某个属性对于某些类别成员是正确的，会导致人们得出该属性对于其他类别成员也是正确的结论。一个例子是：红衣主教有尺动脉。因此鹰有尺动脉。最近，奥舍森等人。 （1990）证明了一些涉及基于类别的归纳的现象，并提出这些现象可以通过两个过程的变化来解释：（a）前提类别（上例中的基数）和结论类别（上例中的鹰）之间的相似性，以及（b）前提类别“覆盖”（大致相似）包含前提和结论类别（上例中的鸟）的最低级别类别的实例的程度。本文追溯了相关现象的发展过程以及可能构成其基础的相似性和覆盖过程。研究1和2表明，幼儿园儿童所做的归纳仅对前提和结论类别之间的相似性敏感。研究3和4表明，二年级学生的归纳对前提-结论相似性和覆盖范围都很敏感——只要实际上不需要使用包含前提和结论类别的生成类别。这些发展发现揭示了基于类别的归纳发展的有序过程，并且还分解了 Osherson 等人的研究。模型分为 3 个先前未明确区分的基本组件。
In a category-based induction, knowing that a property is true of some category members leads one to conclude that the property is true of other category members. An example is: Cardinals have ulnar arteries. Therefore hawks have ulnar arteries. Recently, Osherson et al. (1990) demonstrated a number of phenomena involving category-based inductions, and proposed that these phenomena can be explained by variations in 2 processes: (a) the similarity between the premise category (cardinals in the above example) and the conclusion category (hawks in the above example), and (b) the degree to which the premise category "covers" (roughly, is similar to) instances of the lowest-level category that includes both the premise and conclusion categories (birds in the above example). The present paper traces the developmental course of the relevant phenomena and of the similarity and coverage processes that presumably underlie them. Studies 1 and 2 demonstrated that the inductions made by kindergartners are sensitive only to the similarity between the premise and conclusion categories. Studies 3 and 4 showed that second graders' inductions are sensitive to both premise-conclusion similarity and coverage,-as long as there is no need actually to use a generated category that includes both the premise and conclusion categories. These developmental findings reveal an orderly process in the growth of category-based inductions, and also decompose the Osherson et al. model into 3 basic components that have not previously been explicitly distinguished.