Airborne isocyanate exposures in the collision repair industry and a comparison to occupational exposure limits.
Airborne isocyanate exposures in the collision repair industry and a comparison to occupational exposure limits.
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碰撞修复行业中空气中异氰酸酯的暴露以及与职业暴露限值的比较。
DOI：
10.1080/15459624.2012.672871
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发表时间：
2012
影响因子：
2
通讯作者：
Nylander-French,LeenaA
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Reeb-Whitaker,Carolyn;Whittaker,StephenG;Ceballos,DianaM;Weiland,ElisaC;Flack,SheilaL;Fent,KennethW;Thomasen,JenniferM;TrellesGaines,LindaG;Nylander-French,LeenaA
对来自华盛顿州 25 家汽车修理店的 33 名喷漆工进行了异氰酸酯暴露评估。对个人呼吸区样品 (n = 228) 进行了异佛尔酮二异氰酸酯 (IPDI) 单体、1,6-六亚甲基二异氰酸酯 (HDI) 单体、IPDI 多异氰酸酯和三种多异氰酸酯形式的 HDI 分析。目的是描述喷漆时异氰酸酯的暴露情况，将其与短期暴露限值 (STEL) 进行比较，并描述样品中的异氰酸酯成分。样品中多异氰酸酯（IPDI 和 HDI）的组成变化很大，最大含量范围从 HDI 缩二脲的 58% 到 HDI 异氰脲酸酯的 96%。 HDI异氰脲酸酯与IPDI和HDI脲二酮的百分比组成之间存在显着的反比关系。比较了两个 15 分钟的 STEL：(1) 俄勒冈州职业安全与健康管理局 (OR-OSHA) 对于 HDI 多异氰酸酯的 STEL 为 1000 μg/m3，(2) 英国健康与安全执行局 (UK-HSE) 对于所有异氰酸酯的 STEL 为 70 μg NCO/m3。 80% 的含有 HDI 多异氰酸酯的样品超过了 OR-OSHA STEL，而 98% 的样品超过了 UK-HSE STEL。大多数油漆工（67%）在喷漆时佩戴半脸空气净化呼吸器。使用 OR-OSHA 和 UK-HSE STEL 作为基准，分别有 21% 和 67% 的油漆工至少有一次暴露超过了呼吸器 OSHA 指定的防护系数。对 STEL 的严格审查揭示了以下局限性：(1) OR-OSHA STEL 不包括所有多异氰酸酯，(2) UK-HSE STEL 衍生自单体异氰酸酯，而典型喷涂中存在的物质是多异氰酸酯。总之，车身喷漆师使用的不同异氰酸酯混合物表明，需要包含所有多异氰酸酯的职业接触限值。尽管 STEL 存在局限性，但我们确定需要指定防护系数为 25 或更高的呼吸器来防止喷漆过程中接触异氰酸酯。因此，最常用且指定防护系数为 10 的半面罩空气净化呼吸器无法提供足够的呼吸保护。
Isocyanate exposure was evaluated in 33 spray painters from 25 Washington State autobody shops. Personal breathing zone samples (n = 228) were analyzed for isophorone diisocyanate (IPDI) monomer, 1,6-hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI) monomer, IPDI polyisocyanate, and three polyisocyanate forms of HDI. The objective was to describe exposures to isocyanates while spray painting, compare them with short-term exposure limits (STELs), and describe the isocyanate composition in the samples. The composition of polyisocyanates (IPDI and HDI) in the samples varied greatly, with maximum amounts ranging from up to 58% for HDI biuret to 96% for HDI isocyanurate. There was a significant inverse relationship between the percentage composition of HDI isocyanurate to IPDI and to HDI uretdione. Two 15-min STELs were compared: (1) Oregon's Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OR-OSHA) STEL of 1000 μg/m3for HDI polyisocyanate, and (2) the United Kingdom's Health and Safety Executive (UK-HSE) STEL of 70 μg NCO/m3for all isocyanates. Eighty percent of samples containing HDI polyisocyanate exceeded the OR-OSHA STEL while 98% of samples exceeded the UK-HSE STEL. The majority of painters (67%) wore half-face air-purifying respirators while spray painting. Using the OR-OSHA and the UK-HSE STELs as benchmarks, 21% and 67% of painters, respectively, had at least one exposure that exceeded the respirator's OSHA-assigned protection factor. A critical review of the STELs revealed the following limitations: (1) the OR-OSHA STEL does not include all polyisocyanates, and (2) the UK-HSE STEL is derived from monomeric isocyanates, whereas the species present in typical spray coatings are polyisocyanates. In conclusion, the variable mixtures of isocyanates used by autobody painters suggest that an occupational exposure limit is required that includes all polyisocyanates. Despite the limitations of the STELs, we determined that a respirator with an assigned protection factor of 25 or greater is required to protect against isocyanate exposures during spray painting. Consequently, half-face air-purifying respirators, which are most commonly used and have an assigned protection factor of 10, do not afford adequate respiratory protection.