Social and ecological drivers of success in agri-environment schemes: the roles of farmers and environmental context
Social and ecological drivers of success in agri-environment schemes: the roles of farmers and environmental context
复制标题
DOI：
10.1111/1365-2664.12412
复制
发表时间：
2015-06-01
影响因子：
5.7
通讯作者：
Bullock, James M.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
McCracken, Morag E.;Woodcock, Ben A.;Bullock, James M.
农业环境计划仍然是扭转生物多样性丧失的一个有争议的方法，部分原因是对结果变化的驱动因素知之甚少。特别是，缺乏同时考虑社会和生态因素的研究。我们分析了48个农场的农业环境栖息地的质量和生物多样性结果的变化，这些栖息地旨在为大黄蜂和蝴蝶提供花粉和花蜜，或为鸟类提供冬季种子。我们采用访谈和生态调查，收集农民的经验和农业环境计划的理解，以及当地和景观环境因素的数据。多模型推理表明，社会因素对结果有很大的影响，农民的经验学习是一个关键过程。创造的栖息地的质量受到积极影响的农民以前的环境管理经验。农民的信心，他们有能力进行所需的管理是负相关的花卉资源的提供。具有更多野生动物友好动机的农民倾向于生产更多的花卉资源，但种子资源较少。鸟类，熊蜂和蝴蝶的生物多样性反应强烈影响的种子或花卉资源的数量。庇护所增强了生物多样性，直接增加了花卉资源，减少了种子产量。季节性天气模式对这两项措施都有很大的影响。令人惊讶的是，较大的物种池和周围景观中的半自然栖息地的数量对生物多样性产生了负面影响，这可能表明动物群使用替代觅食资源。这是第一项研究表明，农民的社会变量对农业环境计划的成功支持农田生物多样性的直接作用。它表明，农民不仅仅是在实施农业环境选择，而是在通过这样做来学习和改善成果。因此，更好地与农民接触，与有环境管理历史的农民合作，可能会提高成功率。许多环境因素的重要性可以解释为什么农业环境的结果是可变的，并表明一些-如天气-无法控制。其他措施，如住房，可纳入农业环境措施。景观因素的作用仍然是复杂的，目前逃避简单的结论，大规模的目标schemes.This是第一个研究表明，农民的社会变量对农业环境计划的成功支持农田生物多样性的直接作用。它表明，农民不仅仅是在实施农业环境选择，而是在通过这样做来学习和改善成果。因此，更好地与农民接触，与有环境管理历史的农民合作，可能会提高成功率。许多环境因素的重要性可以解释为什么农业环境的结果是可变的，并表明一些-如天气-无法控制。其他措施，如住房，可纳入农业环境措施。景观因素的作用仍然很复杂，目前无法就大规模的计划目标作出简单的结论。
Agri-environment schemes remain a controversial approach to reversing biodiversity losses, partly because the drivers of variation in outcomes are poorly understood. In particular, there is a lack of studies that consider both social and ecological factors. We analysed variation across 48 farms in the quality and biodiversity outcomes of agri-environmental habitats designed to provide pollen and nectar for bumblebees and butterflies or winter seed for birds. We used interviews and ecological surveys to gather data on farmer experience and understanding of agri-environment schemes, and local and landscape environmental factors. Multimodel inference indicated social factors had a strong impact on outcomes and that farmer experiential learning was a key process. The quality of the created habitat was affected positively by the farmer's previous experience in environmental management. The farmer's confidence in their ability to carry out the required management was negatively related to the provision of floral resources. Farmers with more wildlife-friendly motivations tended to produce more floral resources, but fewer seed resources. Bird, bumblebee and butterfly biodiversity responses were strongly affected by the quantity of seed or floral resources. Shelter enhanced biodiversity, directly increased floral resources and decreased seed yield. Seasonal weather patterns had large effects on both measures. Surprisingly, larger species pools and amounts of semi-natural habitat in the surrounding landscape had negative effects on biodiversity, which may indicate use by fauna of alternative foraging resources.Synthesis and application. This is the first study to show a direct role of farmer social variables on the success of agri-environment schemes in supporting farmland biodiversity. It suggests that farmers are not simply implementing agri-environment options, but are learning and improving outcomes by doing so. Better engagement with farmers and working with farmers who have a history of environmental management may therefore enhance success. The importance of a number of environmental factors may explain why agri-environment outcomes are variable, and suggests some - such as the weather - cannot be controlled. Others, such as shelter, could be incorporated into agri-environment prescriptions. The role of landscape factors remains complex and currently eludes simple conclusions about large-scale targeting of schemes.This is the first study to show a direct role of farmer social variables on the success of agri-environment schemes in supporting farmland biodiversity. It suggests that farmers are not simply implementing agri-environment options, but are learning and improving outcomes by doing so. Better engagement with farmers and working with farmers who have a history of environmental management may therefore enhance success. The importance of a number of environmental factors may explain why agri-environment outcomes are variable, and suggests some - such as the weather - cannot be controlled. Others, such as shelter, could be incorporated into agri-environment prescriptions. The role of landscape factors remains complex and currently eludes simple conclusions about large-scale targeting of schemes.