STRESS RECOVERY DURING EXPOSURE TO NATURAL AND URBAN ENVIRONMENTS
STRESS RECOVERY DURING EXPOSURE TO NATURAL AND URBAN ENVIRONMENTS
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DOI：
10.1016/s0272-4944(05)80184-7
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发表时间：
1991-09-01
影响因子：
6.9
通讯作者：
ZELSON, M
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
ULRICH, RS;SIMONS, RF;ZELSON, M
不同的概念观点一致预测，如果个人受到压力，与最无威胁的自然环境的接触将产生压力减轻或恢复的影响，而许多城市环境将阻碍恢复。关于减轻自然压力影响的情绪、注意力和生理方面的假设源自心理进化理论。为了研究这些假设，120 名受试者首先观看了一部有压力的电影，然后观看六种不同自然和城市环境之一的彩色/声音录像带。有关环境演示期间压力恢复的数据是从情感状态的自我评估和一系列生理测量中获得的：心跳周期、肌肉张力、皮肤电导和脉搏传导时间，这是一种与收缩压相关的非侵入性测量。生理和语言测量的结果表明，当受试者暴露在自然环境而不是城市环境中时，恢复得更快、更完全。生理学发现的模式提出了一种可能性，即对自然的反应具有显着的副交感神经系统成分。然而，没有证据表明副交感神经明显参与对城市环境的反应。心脏对自然环境和城市环境的反应存在方向性差异，这表明在自然环境中注意力/摄入量更高。然而，压力电影和自然环境都引起了高度的非自愿或自动注意，这与自然的恢复性影响源于非自愿注意或迷恋的观点相矛盾。研究结果与心理进化理论的预测一致，即自然的恢复性影响包括转向更积极的情绪状态、生理活动水平的积极变化，并且这些变化伴随着持续的注意力/摄入。天然与人造特性方面的内容差异似乎对恢复和感知摄入的差异具有决定性作用。
Different conceptual perspectives converge to predict that if individuals are stressed, an encounter with most unthreatening natural environments will have a stress reducing or restorative influence, whereas many urban environments will hamper recuperation. Hypotheses regarding emotional, attentional and physiological aspects of stress reducing influences of nature are derived from a psycho-evolutionary theory. To investigate these hypotheses, 120 subjects first viewed a stressful movie, and then were exposed to color/sound videotapes of one of six different natural and urban settings. Data concerning stress recovery during the environmental presentations were obtained from self-ratings of affective states and a battery of physiological measures: heart period, muscle tension, skin conductance and pulse transit time, a non-invasive measure that correlates with systolic blood pressure. Findings from the physiological and verbal measures converged to indicate that recovery was faster and more complete when subjects were exposed to natural rather than urban environments. The pattern of physiological findings raised the possibility that responses to nature had a salient parasympathetic nervous system component; however, there was no evidence of pronounced parasympathetic involvement in responses to the urban settings. There were directional differences in cardiac responses to the natural vs urban settings, suggesting that attention/intake was higher during the natural exposures. However, both the stressor film and the nature settings elicited high levels of involuntary or automatic attention, which contradicts the notion that restorative influences of nature stem from involuntary attention or fascination. Findings were consistent with the predictions of the psycho-evolutionary theory that restorative influences of nature involve a shift towards a more positively-toned emotional state, positive changes in physiological activity levels, and that these changes are accompanied by sustained attention/intake. Content differences in terms of natural vs human-made properties appeared decisive in accounting for the differences in recuperation and perceptual intake.