Exploration and exploitation in the macrohistory of the pre-Hispanic Pueblo Southwest.
Exploration and exploitation in the macrohistory of the pre-Hispanic Pueblo Southwest.
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DOI：
10.1126/sciadv.1501532
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发表时间：
2016-04
期刊：
影响因子：
13.6
通讯作者：
Kohler TA
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Bocinsky RK;Rush J;Kintigh KW;Kohler TA
气候变化可以迅速破坏加强社会共识的仪式机制，如普韦布洛西南部所示。人口和组织变化的周期在新石器时代的社会中得到了很好的记录，但其背后的社会和生态过程仍有争议。这种周期性隐含在“佩科斯分类”中，这是1927年在科学中引入的前西班牙裔美国西南部的年表，至今仍被广泛使用。为了理解这些周期性，我们分析了公元500年至1400年的29，311个考古树木年轮日期，并在同一时期对玉米旱作生态位进行了新的高空间分辨率年度重建。我们认为，每个佩科斯时期最初包括一个“探索”阶段，其次是一个阶段的“剥削”的利基，同时生态，文化和组织。以人口扩张和聚集为特征的开发阶段结束时，气候驱动的农业可持续性下降，破坏了社会共识的重要基础。探索阶段是社会生态位发现和发展的时期。
Climate change can rapidly undermine ritual mechanisms that enhance social consensus, as shown for the Pueblo Southwest. Cycles of demographic and organizational change are well documented in Neolithic societies, but the social and ecological processes underlying them are debated. Such periodicities are implicit in the “Pecos classification,” a chronology for the pre-Hispanic U.S. Southwest introduced in Science in 1927 which is still widely used. To understand these periodicities, we analyzed 29,311 archaeological tree-ring dates from A.D. 500 to 1400 in the context of a novel high spatial resolution, annual reconstruction of the maize dry-farming niche for this same period. We argue that each of the Pecos periods initially incorporates an “exploration” phase, followed by a phase of “exploitation” of niches that are simultaneously ecological, cultural, and organizational. Exploitation phases characterized by demographic expansion and aggregation ended with climatically driven downturns in agricultural favorability, undermining important bases for social consensus. Exploration phases were times of socio-ecological niche discovery and development.