Beyond dichotomy in the protection and management of marine mammals in Japan
Beyond dichotomy in the protection and management of marine mammals in Japan
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DOI：
10.12933/therya-15-235
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发表时间：
2015-01-01
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
Kato, Hidehiro
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Matsuda, Hiroyuki;Yamamura, Orio;Kato, Hidehiro
海洋哺乳动物是人类的自然资源。在一些渔业中，它们也被视为有害生物。自20世纪90年代以来，日本北部虎头海狮对渔业的破坏有所增加。从20世纪中期到21世纪初，推动人类与海洋哺乳动物关系的主要因素发生了变化；这是它们的种群受到威胁的程度、对这些自然资源的需求以及海洋哺乳动物保护政策变化的结果。方法：选取日本4个主要的海洋哺乳动物类群：虎头海狮、斑海豹、儒艮和鲸类，研究日本海洋哺乳动物政策的变化。一些鲸类物种在过去被过度开发，并且仍然受到威胁。他们的完全康复仍在等待中。其他大型鲸类动物从未受到威胁；尽管如此，国际捕鲸委员会还是在1982年暂停了所有商业捕鲸活动。结果：日本仍然在沿海捕鲸作业中捕获小型鲸类，在科学研究中捕获大型鲸类。除鲸类外，海洋哺乳动物的政策从20世纪中叶的资源利用，到20世纪后期的保护，到2014年以来的滋扰控制。环保组织在为这些政策变化建立共识方面发挥了重要作用。讨论和结论：我们寻求一项全面的政策，实现平衡的方法，以适应海洋哺乳动物的三种不同角色：自然资源、海洋生态系统的参与者和对渔业造成损害的因素。我们还讨论了利益相关者参与改变野生动物管理政策的重要性，从完全保护到人口控制。
Introduction: Marine mammals are natural resources for humans. They are also considered as pests in some fisheries. Damage to fisheries by Steller sea lions in northern Japan has increased since the 1990s. The major factor that drives the relationship between humans and marine mammals has changed from the middle of the 20th century to the early 21st century; this is the result of changes in the extent to which their populations are threatened, the demand for these natural resources, and policies for marine mammal conservation.Methods: In this paper, we have chosen four major taxa of marine mammals to investigate changes in policies for marine mammals in Japan: Steller sea lions, harbor seals, dugong and cetaceans. Some cetacean species have been overexploited in the past and remain threatened. Their full recovery is still awaited. Other large cetacean species have never been threatened; nevertheless all commercial whaling was placed under a moratorium by the International Whaling Commission in 1982.Results: Japan still catches small cetaceans in coastal whaling operations and large cetaceans for scientific research. Except for cetaceans, the policy for marine mammals has changed from resource use in the middle of the 20th century, to protection in the late 20th century, and to nuisance control since 2014. Environmental groups played an important role in building consensus for these policy changes.Discussion and conclutions: We seek a comprehensive policy that achieves a balanced approach to accommodate three different roles of marine mammals: a natural resource, participants in marine ecosystems and agents of damage to fisheries. We also discuss the importance of stakeholder involvement in changing policies for wildlife management, ranging from complete protection to population control.