Cognitive bias as an indicator of animal emotion and welfare: Emerging evidence and underlying mechanisms
Cognitive bias as an indicator of animal emotion and welfare: Emerging evidence and underlying mechanisms
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DOI：
10.1016/j.applanim.2009.02.023
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发表时间：
2009-05-01
影响因子：
2.3
通讯作者：
Paul, Elizabeth S.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Mendl, Michael;Burman, Oliver H. P.;Paul, Elizabeth S.
对动物情绪(情感)的准确评估是动物福利科学以及神经科学和精神药理学等领域的重要目标。由于无法直接测量有意识的情感，因此对动物情感的评估依赖于情感状态的行为和生理成分的测量。这些都是重要的指标，但有一些局限性(例如，测量情绪唤醒而不是价态(积极与消极))。人类心理学研究表明，认知功能不良(信息处理)的变化也可以作为情绪状态(尤其是价态)的可靠指标。例如，处于消极状态的人比快乐的人更关注威胁，找回消极记忆，并对模糊的刺激做出消极判断。在这里，我们回顾了一个新的研究领域，该领域研究了这种由情感诱导的“认知偏差”在动物身上也存在的可能性。我们关注的是一种新的‘判断偏差’范式，在这种范式中，动物被训练成一个线索预测一个积极事件，另一个线索预测一个不那么积极/消极的事件，然后被呈现模糊的(中间)线索。这个假说是，处于消极情绪状态的动物比处于积极状态的动物更有可能对这些模棱两可的暗示做出反应(‘判断’)，就好像它们预测了负面事件(一种‘悲观’反应)。最近对老鼠、狗、恒河猴、八哥和人类的研究为这一假设提供了表面上的支持。我们讨论了这些研究中使用的情绪操纵治疗的优点和缺点。治疗引起的喂养动机、一般活动和学习的变化可能是观察到的影响的原因，我们考虑了观察到的偏见类型和判断偏见任务的精确设计是否可以提供关于不同类型情感状态的信息。判断偏差可能源于情绪对决策过程的影响，包括对模糊线索的注意和感知，对不同反应结果的价值和概率(预期效用)的评估，以及行动选择。情感也可能调节损失、风险和模糊厌恶的总体倾向，从而使决策产生偏向。我们结合决策的神经生物学和心理学研究的理论和结果来讨论这些可能性，以便更好地理解潜在的判断偏差的机制。最后，我们对研究的设计和解释提出了一些具体的建议，并对这一领域的未来研究提出了建议。(C)2009 Elsevier B.V.保留所有权利，
Accurate assessment of animal emotion (affect) is an important goal in animal welfare science, and in areas Such as neuroscience and psychopharmacology. Direct measures of conscious emotion are not available, so assessment of animal affect has relied on measures of the behavioural and physiological components of affective states. These are important indicators but have some limitations (e.g. measuring emotional arousal rather than valence (positivity vs negativity)). Human psychology research Suggests that Changes ill cognitive function (information processing) call also be reliable indicators of emotional state (especially valence). For example, people in negative states attend to threats, retrieve negative memories, and make negative judgements about ambiguous stimuli more than happier people. Here we review a new research area investigating the possibility that Such affect-induced 'cognitive biases' also occur in animals. We focus on a novel 'judgement bias' paradigm in which animals are trained that one Cue predicts a positive event and another Cue predicts a less positive/negative event, and are then presented with ambiguous (intermediate) cues. The hypothesis is that animals in a negative affective state will be more likely to respond to ('judge') these ambiguous Cues as if they predict the negative event (a 'pessimistic' response), than animals in a more positive state. Recent studies of rats, dogs, rhesus monkeys, starlings and humans provide face-value Support for this hypothesis. We discuss the strengths and weaknesses of the affect manipulation treatments used in these studies. and the possibility that treatment-induced changes in feeding motivation, general activity and learning are responsible for the effects observed, and we consider whether the type of bias observed and the precise design of the judgement bias task can provide information about different types of affective state. judgement biases may result from the influence of affect on decision-making processes including attention to and perception of the ambiguous Cue, evaluation of the Value and probability (expected utility) of the outcomes of different responses, and action selection. Affect might also modulate general tendencies of loss, risk and ambiguity aversion, hence biasing decisions. We discuss these possibilities in relation to theory and findings from neurobiological and psychological studies of decision-making, in order to better understand the potential mechanisms underlying judgement biases. We Conclude with some specific recommendations for Study design and interpretation, and suggestions for future research in this area. (c) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved,