The Salt Monopoly of the East India Company's Government in Bengal
The Salt Monopoly of the East India Company's Government in Bengal
复制标题
东印度公司政府对孟加拉的盐业垄断
DOI：
10.1163/156852078x00161
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发表时间：
1978
影响因子：
0.7
通讯作者：
A. Serajuddin
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
A. Serajuddin
在莫卧儿时期，盐是在孟加拉和奥里萨邦海岸由一群被称为马兰吉人的人制造的。他们不是用太阳能蒸发制盐，而是用海水冲洗富含盐分的土壤，煮沸浓缩的盐水制盐。由于马兰吉人很少有资本，他们通常从盐商那里收取预付款，约束自己以固定价格供应一定数量的盐。商人将盐分发到西巴全境。盐厂要缴纳一笔税款，由农民征收，就像对林业、渔业、棉花、烟草和槟榔征税一样。盐在运往内陆的途中也要缴纳过境税。直到普拉西之后，东印度公司的仆人才进入了孟加拉的盐贸易，尽管他们声称免除了皇帝的农场主的所有关税，但实际上他们支付了既定的盐税。1865年，克莱夫废除了公司雇工的内陆贸易，但为了补偿他们损失的利润，他成立了一个专门从事盐、烟草和槟榔内陆贸易的协会。这种买卖的利润，作为官方的报酬，按股东的年资，在公司的雇员中按不同的股份分配。这项措施完全垄断了这三种商品的贸易。后来，公司被分配了35%的从价税，由协会支付
In the Mughal period salt was manufactured along the Bengal and Orissa coast by a class of people known as malangis. They did not make salt by solar evaporation but by boiling concentrated brine, made by washing salt-rich soil with seawater. Since the malangis were rarely men of capital, they normally worked on advances from salt merchants, binding themselves to supply a set quantity of salt at a fixed price. The merchants then distributed the salt throughout the Sibah. The saltboiling works paid an impost, collected by revenue farmers in the same way as the forestry, fisheries, cotton, tobacco and betel taxes ')-and salt was also liable to transit duties on its way upcountry. It was not until after Plassey that the servants of the East India Company entered the Bengal salt trade, and although they claimed exemption from all duties under the Emperor's farmnan, in practice they paid the established salt duty. In I765 Clive abolished the inland trade of the Company's servants, but, to compensate them for lost profits, he constituted an exclusive Society for inland trade in salt, tobacco and betelnut 2). The profits of this trade were divisible, as official emoluments, in shares varying according to the seniority of the shareholders, amongst the servants of the Company. The measure constituted a complete monopoly of trade in these three articles. A duty was assigned to the Company, payable by the Society, of 35 per cent ad valorem, later