Insights from measuring pollen deposition: quantifying the pre-eminence of bees as flower visitors and effective pollinators
Insights from measuring pollen deposition: quantifying the pre-eminence of bees as flower visitors and effective pollinators
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DOI：
10.1007/s11829-017-9528-2
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发表时间：
2017-06-01
影响因子：
1.6
通讯作者：
Ballantyne, G.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Willmer, P. G.;Cunnold, H.;Ballantyne, G.
利用我们从肯尼亚稀树草原、地中海加尔里格群落、英国花园和石南荒地积累的数据集（涉及30个科的76种植物），我们提供了详细数据，以量化蜜蜂相较于其他访花者作为大多数开花植物传粉者的优势。在所有地点，蜜蜂对研究物种的访问量占大多数，76种植物中有33种其90%以上的访问来自蜜蜂。此外，在对大部分植物区系进行采样的四个地点，单次访问事件中花粉在柱头上的沉积量（SVD，一种衡量传粉效率的指标）蜜蜂显著高于非蜜蜂。在这方面，独居蜂以及温带栖息地的熊蜂对大多数植物来说是最佳的潜在传粉者，且明显优于蜜蜂。只有少数植物能得到蜂虻的良好服务，而得到大型食蚜蝇、蝴蝶或独居黄蜂服务的植物更少。蜜蜂对花粉可利用高峰期的访问时间匹配也更好（通过峰值SVD间接衡量），而且与非蜜蜂相比，蜜蜂访问花朵的时间短得多，从而允许更高的访问频率。此外，在石南荒地和地中海加尔里格群落中，它们在柱头上沉积的潜在有害异种花粉量显著较低，但在花朵密集且高度多样化的英国花园，以及开花斑块特别分散且有一些特殊非蜜蜂传粉花卉的肯尼亚稀树草原则不然。我们的数据对蜜蜂作为访花者的特定优势进行了新颖且量化的描述，并强调了保护多样化蜜蜂群落的必要性。
Using our accumulated datasets from Kenyan savanna, Mediterranean garigue, UK gardens and heathland, involving 76 plants from 30 families, we present detailed data to quantify the superiority of bees as pollinators of most flowering plants when compared with other flower visitors. Bees provided the majority of visits to study species at all sites, and 33 of the 76 plants received more than 90% of their visits from bees. Furthermore, pollen deposition onto stigmas from single-visit events (SVD, a measure of pollination effectiveness) was significantly higher for bees than non-bees at all the four sites where a major proportion of the flora was sampled. Solitary bees, and also bumblebees in temperate habitats, were the best potential pollinators for most plants in this respect, and significantly out-performed honeybees. Only a few plants were well served by bombyliid flies, and fewer again by larger hoverflies, butterflies, or solitary wasps. Bees also achieved better matches of their visit timing to peak pollen availability (measured indirectly as peak SVD), and made much shorter visits to flowers than did non-bees, permitting a substantially greater visit frequency. Additionally, they deposited significantly lower levels of potentially deleterious heterospecific pollen on stigmas in heathland and Mediterranean garigue, though not in the UK garden with densely clustered high-diversity flowering, or in the Kenyan savanna site with particularly dispersed flowering patches and some specialist non-bee flowers. Our data provide a novel and quantified characterisation of the specific advantages of bees as flower visitors, and underline the need to conserve diverse bee communities.