Village poultry production systems in the central highlands of Ethiopia
Village poultry production systems in the central highlands of Ethiopia
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DOI：
10.1023/a:1012740832558
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发表时间：
2001-12-01
影响因子：
1.7
通讯作者：
Ogle, B
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Dessie, T;Ogle, B
在埃塞俄比亚中部高地三个不同海拔高度的三个村庄进行了初步农村评估，辅之以核对表和对个别家庭的深入个案研究。介绍了各个村的养鸡生产系统，并对存在的问题进行了讨论。60%以上的家庭养鸡，在大多数情况下，妇女拥有和管理鸡，并控制销售的现金。随后的生产系统主要是低投入和小规模的，每户7 - 10只成年鸡，在后院饲养，没有足够的住房、喂养和保健。平均每窝产蛋15-20枚，每年产蛋3-4窝。根据鸟的大小和季节，每只鸟的平均产卵数为12.9 ± 2.2（n = 160），孵化率为80.9% ± 11.1%，范围为44%-100%（n = 160）。家禽肉和鸡蛋在所有三个村庄都得到了普遍接受和赞赏。除了提供少量现金收入外，食腐鸡还具有营养、文化和社会功能。鸡群组成、家禽和家禽产品价格、疾病爆发和雏鸡孵化受季节的强烈影响。大多数社区成员认为疾病是最重要的问题，其次是捕食、缺乏饲料、住房条件差、水不足和寄生虫。疾病周期性地大量减少鸡群，因此，大约50%的鸡蛋被孵化，以取代已经死亡的鸟。系统中损失的主要来源是在孵化和8周龄育雏结束之间发生的雏鸡高死亡率（61%）。该系统的特点是没有投入或投入很少，产出水平低。主要的投入是基础库存的成本，但在此之后，几乎没有任何成本。这些鸟的主要饲料来源是食腐性饲料资源基地，包括餐桌剩菜、小颗粒补充剂和任何来自周围环境的可食用食物。
Participatory rural appraisal (PRA), supported by checklists and intensive case studies on individual households, was carried out in three villages at three different altitudes in the central highlands of Ethiopia. The chicken production system in each village is described and the problems are discussed. More than 60% of the families kept chickens, and in most cases the women owned and managed the birds and controlled the cash from the sales. The production systems followed were mainly low-input and small-scale, with 7-10 mature birds per household, reared in the back yards with inadequate housing, feeding and health care. The average egg production per clutch was 15-20, with 3-4 clutches per year. The mean number of eggs set per bird was 12.9 +/-2.2 (n = 160), depending on the size of the bird and season, and the hatching rate was 80.9%+/- 11.1%, range 44%-100% (n = 160). Poultry meat and eggs were generally accepted and appreciated in all three villages. In addition to the small amount of cash income they provide, scavenging chickens have nutritional, cultural and social functions. The flock composition, price of poultry and poultry products, disease outbreaks and hatching of chicks were strongly affected by season. Disease was cited as the most important problem by most of the members of the community, followed by predation, lack of feed, poor housing, insufficient water and parasites. Disease periodically decimated the flocks, and consequently, about 50% of the eggs produced were incubated in order to replace the birds that had died. The major source of loss in the system was the high mortality of chicks (61%) that occurred between hatching and the end of brooding at 8 weeks of age. The system was characterized by no or few inputs and a low output level. The major input was the cost of foundation stock, but after that virtually no cost was involved. The major source of feed for the birds was from the scavenging feed resource base, which comprised table leftovers, small grain supplements and anything edible from the immediate environment.