Direct effects of the light environment on daily neuroendocrine control.
Direct effects of the light environment on daily neuroendocrine control.
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DOI：
10.1530/joe-19-0302
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发表时间：
2019-10
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
S. Paul;T. Brown
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
S. Paul;T. Brown
内分泌系统发挥着对外部环境适应性反应的关键中介作用。作为外部世界许多显著变化的可靠预测因子，光环境因此构成了神经内分泌功能的一个有影响力的控制来源。因此，绝大多数内分泌系统表现出24小时的活动变化，与外部照明的每日变化保持一致。虽然驱动这些节律的神经机制仍不完全清楚，但通过下丘脑视交叉上核(SCN)传递的昼夜节律和光依赖信号起着关键作用。视杆细胞、视锥细胞和黑素细胞的视网膜投射提供了来自视杆细胞、视锥细胞和黑色素的信息，它们共同编码了太阳日环境光的数量和光谱含量的变化。这种感觉输入反过来驱动SCN细胞活动的剧烈调制，并在单个时钟神经元的电生理输出中调整每日节奏。因此，来自SCN的神经输出可以将关于光环境的快速和长期信息传递到负责神经内分泌控制的其他下丘脑核团。在这篇综述中，我们总结了目前对光环境影响关键神经内分泌轴的特定神经通路的理解，特别是涉及的视网膜和SCN依赖的回路及其已知的感觉特性。
Endocrine systems function as key mediators of adaptive responses to the external environment. As a reliable predictor of many salient variations in the external world, the light environment thus constitutes an influential source of control over neuroendocrine function. Accordingly, the vast majority of endocrine systems display 24hr variations in activity that are aligned to daily changes in external illumination. While the neural mechanisms responsible for driving these rhythms are still incompletely understood, circadian and light-dependent signals relayed via the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the hypothalamus (SCN) play a key role. Retinal projections to the SCN provide information from rods, cones and melanopsin, which, together, encode variations in the amount and spectral content of ambient light over the solar day. This sensory input, in turn, drives acute modulations in SCN cellular activity and aligns daily rhythms in the electrophysiological output of individual clock neurons. Neural outputs from the SCN can therefore convey both rapid and longer-term information about the light environment to other hypothalamic nuclei responsible for neuroendocrine control. In this review we summarises current understanding of the specific neural pathways by which the light environment influences key neuroendocrine axes, with a particular focus on the retinal and SCN-dependent circuits involved and their known sensory properties.